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OLE ALN NEA A EN a
JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
VO. Tat:
PART II. (NATURAL History, &c.)
(Nos. I to IV.—1882: with 4 plates.)
EDITED BY
JHE NaTurRar JtIsTORY SECRETARY.
*¢ Tt will flourish, if naturalists, chemists, antiquaries, philologers, and men of science
in different parts of Asza, will commit their observations to writing, and send them to
the Asiatic Society at Calcutta. It will languish, if such communications shall be long
intermitted ; and it will die away, if they shall entirely cease.” SIR WM. JONES.
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY J. W. THOMAS, AT THE BAPTIST MISSION ‘PRESS,
c AND PUBLISHED BY THE )
s ASIATIC SOCIETY, 57, PARK STREET.
ISSR.
~)
\
:
\
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
—_-_?-—
BianForpD, H. F. ;—Some further results of sun-thermometer ob-
servations with reference to atmospheric absorption and the
supposed variation of the solar heat as
Cocksurn, J. ;—On an abnormality in the horns of tie Hog- be
axis porcinus, with an amplification of the theory of the evolu-
tion of antlers in Ruminants
;—On the habits of a little- ane i ape Bracby-
saura Ornata..,
DE Nice’vittze, L. face re list of Butterflies taken in ; Sibead im
October 1882, with notes on habits, Sc. «+.
;—See Woop-Mason, J.
Gopwin-Avusten, H. H. ;—otes on and Drawings of the Animals
of various Indian Land Mollusca (Pulmonifera) Plate V
MOxLLENDOoRE, O. F. ;—Ox a collection of Japanese Olausilize made
by Brigade-Surgeon hk. Hungerford in 1881 (Plate I)
;—Clausilia nevilliana, a new species from the Nico-
bars
;—Descriptions of some new Asiatic Clausiliz
Marsuatt, G. F. L. ;—Some new or rare species of RKhopalocerous
Lepidoptera from the Indian region (Plate IV)
——_—_—_——_ ;—_A new species of Hipparchia aes ibe:
phalocera) from the N. W. Himalayas we or
Woop-Mason, J. ;—On new and little-known Mantodea ... ;
and DE Nick’viLuE, L. ;—Second List of Diianat
Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands, (Plate 1I1I and two
wood-cuts) ve By oe ie se
Page
14,
Date of issue of the different numbers of the Journal, Part II, 1882.
No. I.—Containing pp. 1—36, with Plates I and III; and Title-page,
Index, and 3 Plates for Vol. L, was issued on
August 21st, 1882.
Nos. 11—Iiil. —Containing pp. 37—66, with Plate XVI for Vol. L,
was issued on December 30th, 1882,
No. 1V.—Containing pp. 67—90, with Plate V, and Title-page,
Index, &e., for Vol. LI, was issued on March ist,
1883.
LIST OF PLATES.
I.—New Japanese and Indian Clausilia.
I1.— Wanting.
IiJ.—Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands.
IV.—Bhopalocerous Lepidoptera from the Indian region. (This
plate will be published with No, I of 1883.)
V.—Indian Land Shells.
_ 0. F, von MOELLENDORFF; Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LI, Pt, II, 1882. 2; I,
:
&
'
NEW JAPANESE & INDIAN CLAUSILIZ,
ae
-
*
7
&
dio
JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
—_@—-
Part II.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
—a~a—x{T--er_— 60 reo see eee
eee
I.—On a collection of Japanese Clausilize made by Brigade Surgeon R.
Hungerford in 1881.—By O. F. von Moutenporrr, Pu. D., Vice-
consul for Germany, Hongkong.
(Received January, 3rd ;—Read February, 1882.)
(With Plate I).
When E. von Martens (Preuss. Exped. n. Ostasien, Landschnecken)
published the first connected list of Japanese landshells in 1868, there were
only 8 species of Olausilia known from that country, but their number
has so rapidly increased of late-years that Kobelt in his Fauna of Japan was
able to enumerate not less than 35 species, including one Balea. These showa
great variety of forms, and have necessitated the creation of many new
sections and groups of the subgenus Phaedusa, many of which are confined
to Japan. Asonlyasmall portion of the Japanese archipelago has been ex-
plored as yet, and that for the greater part by travellers for whom conchology
had only a secondary interest, it is not not to be wondered at that Brigade
Surgeon Hungerford’s excursions have been most successful. His collec-
tion, made in a few weeks, contained, as the following list will show, 21
species of Clawsilia, ten of which I consider to be undescribed. In enu-
merating them, I follow the judicious arrangement of Phaedusa by Dr.
Boettger in his “ Clausilien studien” (Cassel, 1877) and “Systematisches
Verzeichniss der Gattung Clausilia’”’ (Frankfurt, 1878), which I find corro-
borated nearly throughout. Ina few instances, however, the creation of
new groups for some of the novelties will eventually prove to be necessary.
I may add here that I have used throughout the terminology now
generally adopted in Germany. We use the term “ lamellae” only for the
1
2 O. F. von Mollendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilie. [No. 1,
parietal and subcolumellar plaits, 2. e , lamella supera, infera, spiralis, sub-
columellaris ; while all the palatal ones are termed “ plicae.”’ Of these
latter the long upper plait, in many species the only one, is called “ plica
principalis,” those above the principal are “ plicae suturales,’ those below
it, “ plicae palatales.”
Genus Cravusiita, Drap.
Subgenus Phaedusa, H. and A. Adams.
a. Group of Clausilia Shanghaiensis. Pfr. == Euphaedusa, Bottg., Claus. Stud.
1877, p. 57.
1. CLAUSILIA DIGONOPTYX.
1877. Clausilia digonoptyx, Béttger, Claus. Stud. p. 58.
1878. Jahrb. D. Mal. Ges. v, p. 45, t. iii, f. 1.
— Syst. Verz. Claus, p. 54.
1879. Jahrb. D. M G. vi, p. 108.
—_—_ Kobelt, Fauna Jap. extramar. p. 69, t.
wait, 4. 405
The type from Kamatokogiro; var. minor, diam. maj. 113 mm., near
the same place.
2. CLAUSILIA TAU.
1877. Clausitia tau, Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 58.
Nachrichtsbl. D. M. G. no. 6, p. 70.
1878. — Jahrb. D. M. Ges, vi, p. 46, t. ili, f. 2.
——— — — Syst. Verz, p. 54.
1879. —— Jahrb. D. M. G. vi, p. 108.
— Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 70, t. viii, f. 18.
Very numerous at Kioto, Kobi, Nara, and other places in the island
of Nippon.
3. CLAUSILIA PROBA.
1868. Clausilia proba, A. Adams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. i. p. 471.
— aculus, EK. von. Martens, Ostas. Landschn, p. 33, t. xxii. f.
15 (nec Benson).
1877. —— Bottger, Claus. Stud, p. 58 (ex parte),
138783 —— —— Jahrb. D. M. G. v, p. 49, t. ii, f. 3.
—_>- so ——- Syst. Verz. p. 54.
1879. Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 71 t. viii, f. 19.
1879. Olausilia proba, Béttger, Jahrb. D. M. G. VI, p. 108.
Common at Nagasaki (where the species was likewise collected by
Professor Rein) and at Utsonomda and Mamada.
4. CLAUSILIA HUNGERFORDIANA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 1,
Testa subrimata, fusiformis, pellucida, sericina, arcuatim striatula,
corneofusca, maculis albis interrupte signata (quasi zebrina) ; anfr. 9 con-
vexiusculi, suturd profundad disjuncti, ultimus rotundatus pone aperturam
1882.] O. F. von Méllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilie. 38
subinflatus, irregulariter costulato-striatus ; apertura subobliqua, rotun-
dato-piriformis, sinulo recto, peristoma continuum solutum, superne via
sinuatum, valde protractum, expansum, reflexiusculum, parum incrassatum ;
lamella supera obsoleta, interdum in margine peristomatis noduli instar via
distinguenda, lamella spiralis recedens, lamella infera a margine valde
remota, late arcuata, subcolumellaris tmmersa. Plica principalis modica,
palatalis una supera brevis cum lunellad interrupté fere obsoleté subtus
ramum parvum retrorsum mittente convexa. Clausiliam latissimum, sub-
quadratum antice acuminatum.
Alt. 124, lat. 22, apert. alt. 23, lat. 2 mm.
Has. Nara in insula Nippon.
In its closing apparatus this pretty little novelty greatly resembles
Clausilia proba. The upper parictal lamella is, in the majority of speci-
mens, only marked by a slight thickening of the lp. Rarely there is a
minute knob. After a distinct interval the “lamella spiralis” setsin. The
lamella infera is somewhat like that of Clausilia digonoptyx, Bottg., so
that the parietal lamellae would approach very close to one another, if the
upper one were properly developed. The specific character of our species
is the fine sericine epidermis with alternating white and brown spots.
b. Group of Clausilia valida, Pir. = Stereophaedusa, Bottger, Clausilienstudien,
p. 61.
5. CLAUSILIA HILGENDORFI.
1877. Clausilia Hilgendorfi, v. Martens, Sitz. Ber. Ges. Nat, Fr. Berlin, 17 April,
p- 106.
1877. — Béttger, Claus. Stud. p. 60.
1878. —— —— s Syst. Verz. p. 55.
1879. — Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 76, t. ix, f. 2.
Three specimens of a large Clausilia, from 30 to 35 millim. in length,
of a dark chestnut-brown colour, collected by Mr. Hungerford at Chinsinji,
agree very well with Prof. von Martens’ diagnosis and Kobelt’s figure of
O. Hilgendorfi. In one specimen the subcolumellar lamella is somewhat
receding.
6. Crausinta KOoBENSIS.
1876. Clausilia Kobensis, Edg. Smith, Quart. J. of Conchology, i, p. 122
(February). «
— «3 — Nipponensis, Kobelt, Jahrb. D. Mal. Ges, iii, p. 275, €. viii,
| £34.
1877. — japonica, EK, von. Martens, Sitz, Ber. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p, 108
(an Crosse ?).
— Ss ——_ japonica (cum var, Nipponensis), Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 62.
1878. — — Syst. Verz. p.
1879. — _ —— Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 74, t. viii, f. 10, 11.
& ©. F. von Mollendorff—-On a collection of Japanese Clausilie. [No. 1,
* An Clausilia japonica, Crosse (Journ. de Conch, XIX, 1871, p. 228, t.
XIIT,.£..6) ?
I am by no means sure of the correctness of the identification of
Clausilia Kobensis, Smith, with japonica, Crosse, as proposed by Bottger and
Kobelt. Crosse’s diagnosis is very vague and incomplete, and I have
seen neither figures nor specimens of the true japonica. On the other hand,
there is no doubt that Kobelt’s nipponensis and Kobensis, Smith, belong to
one and the same species, and that Smith’s name has the priority.
Mr. Hungerford collected numerous specimens of the type at Kobi,
the original habitat, and near Koma Kasunga. A much smaller form from
Suma Yushi, I propose to distinguish as
var. PALLENS, nova.
differt a typo testé minore—23 millim longa—tenuiore pallide flavescenti-
corned, lamelli inferd magis elevatd, superae in profundo magis approxi-
matt.
7. -CLAUSILIA OOSTOMA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 2.
Testa elongato-fusiformis, solidula, subpellucida, striatula, corneo-fusca,
spira gracilis apice obtuso, anfr. 12—12% subplani, ultimus subdistortus
rotundatus; apertura oviformis, subrecta, peristoma continuum, solutum,
expansum, reflexiusculum, superne leviter sinuatum. Lamella supera mara
ginalis, obliqua, cum spirali contigua, infera marginem haud attingens, re-
trorsum valde elevata, spiraliter torta, fere horizontalis, intus ultra lamel-
lam spiralem producta, lamella subcolumellaris emersa usque ad marginem
protracta ; plica principalis mediocris, palatalis supera brevis cum princi-
pali divergens, infera obsoleta vel nulla, luneila nulla. Clausilium latissi-
mum sicut precedentis specter.
Alt. 254%, lat. 53, apert. long. 6, lat. 4¢ millim.
Has. Only three specimens from Hakoni.
A near relation to the preceding species, but sufficiently distinguished
by the more elongate shape, the thinner shell, the very regular oviform
aperture, the more valid and still more spirally twisted, nearly horizontal
lower parietal lamella, the much more divergent upper, and obsolete lower,
palatal plait. 7
e. Group of Cl. Yokohamensis, Crosse = Megalophaedusa, Bottg. (Clausilienstudien,
p. 62).
8. CLAUSILIA VASTA.
1877. Clausilia vasta, Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 62.
1878. Jahrb. D. M. G. v, p. 51, t. ili, f. 4.
—S$S Ss — SS Syst. Verz. p. 66,
1879. —— —— Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 82, t. viii, f. 15,
Has. Nagasaki.
1882.] O. F. von Moéllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilie. 5
9. CLAUSILIA DUCALIS.
1876. Clausilia ducalis, Kobelt, Jahrb. D. M. G. iii, p. 152, t. v, f. 7.
1877. Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 63.
138788 —=— _- —— Syst. Verz. p. 56.
1879. — —— Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 83, t. viii, f. 10.
Two magnificent specimens of a Megalophaedusa from Hakoni agree
fairly well with Kobelt’s diagnosis and figure of Olausilia ducalis. They
are, however, longer—88 millim. instead of 36,—of a dark chestnut colour
with a slight violet tint, not “ yellowish horn-coloured” (luteo-cornea) as
Kobelt describes his CO. ducalis, and the subcolumellar lamella is completely
immersed so that it can only be seen by holding the shell in an oblique
position. There being but two specimens known of Clausilia ducalis, it
seems advisable to class the specimens collected by Mr. Hungerford with
that species provisionally, although they may deserve a new name as a
variety.
d. Group of Clausilia cylindrica, Gray == Cylindrophaedusa, Bottger (Claus. Stud.
p. 64).
10, CLAUSILIA GRACILISPIRA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 3.
Testa elongato-fusiformis, subcylindrica, tenera, pellucida, subtiliter
costulato-striata, viridifiava, anfractus 10-11 subplani suturé valde distinctd
discreti ; apertura parva, subobliqua, rotundato-piriformis, peristoma con-
tenuum solutum, superne leviter sinuatum, breviter expansum. Lamella
parietalis supera marginalis, obliqua, satis valida, cum spirali continua,
infera remotissima, via conspicua, subcolumellaris immersa; plica princi-
palis mediocris, lunella nulla, plicae palatales tres quarum prima et tertia
subaequales, media brevis. Olausilium angustum linguiforme, acumina-
tum.
Alt. 93—133, diam. 2, apert. long. 2, lat. 1$ millim.
Has. Near Kobi.
A very well-marked species, which I can only compare to Clausilia
cylindrica, Gray. The slender, subcylindrical shape, the small aperture,
the absence of a lunella, the very remote and oblique lower parietal lamella,
the immersed subcolumellar lamella indicate its relation to the group
Cylindropheedusa created by Béttger for Cl. cylindrica. It differs, besides
size, shape, colouring, and sculpture of the shell, by the spiral lamella com-
pletely continuous with the lamella supera instead of ‘“ fere contigua,” by
the three palatal plaits instead of two. I think, therefore, that the Japanese
species has to be placed in the group Cylindrophaedusa. The clausilium
is like that of the next group, Hemiphaedusa. |
Before passing on to the last-named group, I shall here enumerate two
new species which do not very well agree with any of Béttger’s subsections
of Phaedusa, and for which I should propose to make a new group, if I
6 O.F. von Mdllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausiliz. [No. 1,
knew any species of Bottger’s Acrophaedusa (1. c. p. 64). This group, com-
prising two Javanese Clausilie, O. Junghuhni, Phil., and cornea, Phil., is
perhaps the only one to which these novelties could be referred. On
the other hand, there are relations to the first subgroup (‘“ Formenkreis’’)
of Hemiphaedusa. Unfortunately, Mr. Hungerford collected only a few
specimens of each, and I have been unable to study the clausilium of either
species. The decision whether they belong to Hemiphacdusa as a special
subgroup or ought to form a new group by themselves has to be reserved
until more material will allow the breaking up of some specimens.
11. CLAUSILIA SERICINA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig, 4.
Testa ventricosulo-fusiformis solida cornea subtiliter striatula sericina ,
anfr, 10—103 convexiusculi sutura distincta, ultimus subdistortus, haud
magis striatus ; apertura subobliqua, rotundato-piriformis ; peristoma con-
tinuum, solutum, valde incrassatum. Lamella supera valida, obliqua, ad
marginem descendens, cum spirali contiqua, infera antrorsum vix conspicua,
subtus truncata, subcolumellaris vix emersa; plica principalis profunda,
in apertura haud conspicua, palatales duo, supera brevis, secunda punctifor=
mis vel obsoleta, infera lunellaque nullae. Clausiliwm ? (non vidi).
Alt, 223, lat. 5, apert. long. 54, lat. 4 millim.
var. MINOR alt. 203 millim. anfract, 11, lamella subcolumellaris im-
mersa.
Has. ‘Two specimens of the typical form from Chinsinji, and one
specimen of the smaller variety from Yumagaaishi.
The palatal plaits might be compared to those in the group Stereophae-
dusa, from which our species is otherwise widely different. The lower
parietal lamella refers Cl. sericina to Hemiphaedusa.
12. CLAUSILIA CARYOSTOMA, n, sp., Pl. I, Fig. 5.
Testa ventricoso-fusiformis solidula, striatula, pallide cornea, anfr. 9
subplani suturd distinctd discreti, ultimus penultimo vie altior ; apertura
rotundata, subobliqua, peristoma continuum, superne haud sinuatum, brevi-
ter solutum, expansum, incrassatum. Lamella supera mediocris, obliqua,
cum spirali continua, infera valde remota, parva, intus furcata, subcolumel=
laris immersa ; plica principalis valida, longa, lunella nulla, plicae palata-
les tres ventrales quarum prima et tertia subaequales, breves, secunda punc-
tiformis. Clausilium ?
Alt. 143, lat 34, apert long. 33, lat. 3 millim.
Has. Kobi; four specimens.
This novelty likewise does not seem to fit into any of Dr. Bottger’s
subdivisions of Phaedusa. The lower parietal lamella reminds one of that
1882.] O. F. von Méllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilie. 7
of Ol. subgibbera, also of O2. hyperolia, v. Mart. The palatal ‘ plicae’ are
so far up in the shell that they are visible above the aperture, a position
for which Ad. Schmidt has introduced the appropriate term “ ventralis.”
The same position of the “ plicae palatales’” occurs in Cl. awrantiaca, Bottg.
Our species differs from the group Hemiphaedusa by the immersed sub-
columellar lamella, and the absence of alunella. The small number of
specimens prevented the examination of the clausilium, and, as mentioned
before, the final classification of this species and Ol. sericina has to be
reserved.
e. Group of Clausilia pluviatilis, Bens == Hemiphaedusa, Bottg. (1. ¢ p. 65).
a. Subgroup of Clausilia validiuseula, v. Mart.
13. CLAUSILIA HTHIOPS, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 6.
Testa elongato-fusiformis solida, striata, obscure castaneofusca, anfr.
12 subplant ; apertura subobliqua, ovali-piriformis, peristoma satis incras-
satum, vix solutum, reflexum, albolabiatum. Lamella supera obliqua, mar-
ginalis cum spirali contigua, infera oblique ascendens in profundo dextror-
sum retorta, subcolumellaris modica, emersa, marginem attingens. Plica
principalis mediocris, sat profunda, palatales tres laterales obliquae quarum
media minor, lunella nulla. Clausilium ?
Alt. 33, lat. 65, apert. long , lat. millim.
Has. The unique specimen was collected near Nagasaki.
This fine Clawsi/ia is a near relation of Ol. Hickonis, Bottg., with which
is has all the characteristics of the closing apparatus in common. It differs,
however, by the habitus (which has nothing of the curious claviform shape
of Cl. Hickonis, but is rather slender), the considerably larger size, the
dark brown colour, and some smaller differences of the lamelle and plice ;
so that I do not hesitate to make it a separate species.
14, CLAUSILIA TETRAPTYX, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 7.
Testa fusiformis, solidula, spird gracilis attenuataé apice acutiusculo,
subtiliter costulato-striata, corneofusca ; anfr. 95 convexiusculi ; apertura
piriformi-ovata, subobliqua, marginibus parallelis, peristoma continuum,
superne leviter solutum, leviter incrassatum et expansum; lamella supera
subobliqua, marginalis cum spirali continua, infera spiraliter recedens, haud
JSurcata, antrorsum complanata, subcolumellaris valida, emersa, marginem
attingens. Plica principalis longa, palatales quatuor quarum prima et
quarta subaequales majores, mediae subaequales minores. Clausilium satis
angustum, antice haud incrassatum, rotundato acuminatum.
Alt. 17—18, lat. 4, apert. long. 4, lat. 83} millim.
Has. Fujisawa.
By the shape of the clausilium and the four palatal plaits instead of
a lunella this form belongs to the subgroup of Ol. validiwsculs, v. Mart.
8 O. F. von Méllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilix. [No. 1,
It is well characterised by the small size, the less solid shell, the sculpture,
the less oblique upper parietal lamella.
B. Subgroup of Clausilia platydera, v. Mart.
15. CLAUSILIA PLATYDERA.
1876. Clausilia platydera, v. Martens, Jahrb. D. M. G. iii, p, 362.
1877. —— Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 67.
1878. — — — Syst. Verz. p. 57.
1879. —— — Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 91, t. ix, f. 9.
var. ELONGATA, Béttger, Syst. Verz. Clausilia, p. 57.
Mr. Hungerford collected some elongate slender forms of 273—292
millim. in length at Nara. These I think are Bottger’s var. elongata.
Another form was found numerous near Kobi. It is more ventricose,
has a more solid shell, a broader and rounder aperture than the type; the
lunella is shaped nearly as in Bottger’s var. Jambda (Claus. Stud. p. 67),
forming a right or obtuse angle with the plica principalis. On the other
hand, the peristome is always solute above and the subcolumellar lamella
always reaches the margin, while Bottger says of his variety, “ peristoma
superne hawd solutum,” “ lamella subcolumellaris subimmersa.”” This form
therefore shows a transition from the type to var. /ambda, and might deserve
a new name as a variety or a subvariety.
16. CLAUSILIA FUSANGENSIS, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 8.
Testa gracili-fusiformis interdum decollata, solidula, striatula, cornea ;
anfr. 12 convexiuscult, sutura satis profunda disjuncti; apertura recta,
basi recedens, ovato-piriformis, peristoma continuum, solutum, undique ex-
pansum et reflecum, albolabiatum. Lamella supera valida, obliqua, margi-
nalis, cum spirali continua, infera a margine satis remota oblique ascendens,
Surcata, im profundo dextrorsum retorta, intus lamellam spiralem superans,
subcolumellaris immersa. Plica principalis mediocris, lunella cum plicd
palatal superiore et inferiore parvis connexa figuram litterae graecae d
instar formans. Clausilium angustum.
alt. 27—80, lat. 5, apert. long. 6, lat. 4 millim.
Has. Chin-sin-ji.
Nearly related to Olausilia platydera, especially to the var. elongata,
this fine form offers by the much slenderer shape, the invisible subcolumel-
lar lamella, the more twisted lower parietal lamella etc., sufficient differ-
ences to deserve a new name, which I have formed from Fusang, the old
poetic name of Japan.
17. CLAUSILIA AURANTIACA, Béttger.
1877. Clausilia aurantiaca, Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 68.
1878. Syst. Verz. p, 57.
eaten Lbieeies —_— — Jahrb. D. M. G. v, p. 101, t. iv, £..5.
1879, —— Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 95, t. ix, f. 11.
1882.] O. F. von Mollendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilix. 9
var. MINoR, v. Moll. Differt a typo testé minore, graciliore, peristo-
mate vix incrassato, lamella subcolumellart immersd vel vix emersé—mar-
ginem haud attingente.
Alt. 83—11 millim.
Has. Nara.
The differences above mentioned excepted, this dwarf variety agrees
very well with the type, especially in the orange-brown colour,
18. CLAUSILIA BILABRATA.
1876. Clausilia bilabrata, E. Smith, Quart. J. of Conchol., Febr. p. 120.
1877. ——, Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 68.
1878. —— —_ —— Syst. Verz. p. 38.
ae Te ae Pea es —— Jahrb. D. M. G. v, p. 103, t. iv, f. 6.
1879, —— — Kobelt, Fauna. Jap. p. 96, t. ix, f. 12.
Has. Kobi.
y. Subgroup of Clausilia hyperolia, v. Mart.
19. CLAUSILIA HYPEROLIA.
1877. Clausilia hyperolia, EK. von Martens, Sitz. Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. 17 April,
p- 110
— —— Béottger, Claus. Stud. p. 69
1878. —— —— Syst. Verz. p. 58.
1879. —— —— Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 99, t. ix, f. 13.
Two specimens collected by Mr. Hungerford near Jotsuka, I think I
ean safely identify with E. von Martens’ species, although I have seen but
one not quite full grown specimen of the latter. Diagnosis and figure
agree very well.
20. CLAUSILIA RECTALUNA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 9.
Testa fusiformis, solidula, subpellucida, striatula, pallide cornea ;
anfr. 11% ultimus penultimo subaequalis, irrequlariter costulatus ; apertura
subobliqua, tetragono-piriformis, peristoma continuum, solutum, expansum,
valde incrassatum, reflextusculum. Lamella supera valida marginem attin-
gens cum spirali contigua, infera antrorsum fere obsoleta, retrorsum subver-
ticaliter ascendens, in margine peristomatis incrassata, nodulifera; lamella
subcolumellaris valida emersa usque ad marginem producta, fossuld ab
inferd discreta. Plica principalis obsoleta punctiformis cum lunelld recté
corjuncta, plica suturalis post lunellam una brevissima, palatales nullae.
Alt. 18—20, lat. 4, apert. long. 4, lat. 3 millim.
Has. Kamatokogiro.
By its peculiar inner structure this remarkable shell can only be come
pared with the last mentioned species, with which it has in common the
almost vertical and receding lower parietal lamella, the long and straight
2
J
10 O. F. von Méllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausiliz. [No. 1,
lunar plait, and the strongly emersed subcolumellar lamella. It is, however
sufficiently characterised as a separate species by the short plica prineipalis
(which does not exist in O. hyperolia), the existence of a short sutural plait,
the want of spiral lines on the epidermis, the horny colour, and the lower
end of the lamella infera. This is more spirally twisted, gradually
evanescent towards the peristome, but again thickens on the margin into
a small knob, while the same lamella of C. hyperolia is cut off abruptly.
21. CLAUSILIA apTycHia, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 10.
Testa ventricosulo-fusiformis, solida, subpellucida, subtilissime striatu-
la, paliide flavescens, saepe decollata; anfr. 113 convexiuscult, ultimus
penultimo subaequalis, apertura subobliqua votundato-tetragona, peristoma
continuum, solutum, valde incrassatum, reflexiusculum. Lamella supera
margimalis, mediocris, cum spirali contigua, infera antrorsum obsoleta, sub-
tus truncata, verticaliter ascendens, intus validissima ante lamellam spira-
lem tenuem evanescentem abrupte desinens, lamella subcolumellaris valida
emersa usque ad marginem producta. Plicae palatales nullae, lunella
obsoleta. Clausilium satis angustum, marginibus parallelis, antice rotunda-
tum,
Alt. 22, lat. 43, apert. long. 5, lat. 4 millim.
Has. Hakoni.
Another interesting novelty of the subgroup of C. hyperolia, nearly
related to the two preceding species, but larger than either of them
and somewhat more ventricose. ‘There are not any palatal plaits and
even the lunella is in some specimens entirely obsolete, in the others
there is a thin layer of calcareous matter parallel with the outer edge of
the clawsiliwm. The spiral lamella is very low and thin and its inner end
almost evanescent, although it extends beyond the inner end of the lamella
infera. ‘The latter is comparatively short, but very thick and high. Its
abruptly cut off outer end is more like that of Ol. hyperolia, but somewhat
more visible in the aperture; it then ascends vertically almost without any
spiral twist and occupies nearly half the width of the whorl, the inner end
being again truncated.
The systematic arrangement of these three species ought to be: recta-
luna, hyperolia, aptychia, the first having rudimentary principal and sutural
plaits and being thereby more nearly related to the preceding groups.
I have, however, given Clausilia hyperolia the first place as the only
species hitherto described.
1882.] . O. F. von Méllendorff—On Clausilia Nevilliana. 11
II.—Clausilia Nevilliana, a new Species from the Nicobars.
By O. F. von Moutenporrr, Pu. D.
(Received January 15th ;—Read April 5th, 1882.)
CLAUSILIA NEVILLIANA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 11.
Testa elongato fusiformis, subtiliter oblique striatula, fusca, nitidula ;
anfr. 10 convexiusculi, apertura medioeris, fere verticalis, elongato-pirifor-
mis, sinulo recto perlongo, peristoma continuum, solutum, tenue, brevissime
expansum, superne profunde sinuatum fere angulatum. Lamella supera
obliqua, marginalis, valida, cum lamelld spirali continua, infera a supera
valde remota, spiraliter recedens, brevissime conspicua. Plica principals
longa, palatales duae majores profundae, ventrales, (antice intuenti supra
aperturam conspicuae), lunella nulla. Olausilium ? (non vidi.)
Alt. 20, lat. 4, apert. long. 4, lat. 3 millim.
Has. This very fine novelty was discovered by Mr. de Roepstorff on
the island of Camorta, Nicobars, under a fallen tree in a damp place.
The small number of specimens—I have seen but two—has prevented
as yet the examination of the inner structure of this interesting new
Clausilia. This is the more to be regretted as it does not seem to
belong to the same group as the only other species of the genus hitherto
recorded from the Nicobars, Cl. wiillerstorffi, Zeleb. This species (of which
I have seen onespecimenin Brigade Surgeon Hungerford’s collection) is nearly
related to O/. javana, Pfr., and should find its place in Béttger’s second
seetion of Phaedusa (Pseudonenia) and therein in the 5th subgroup (“ For-
menkreis”’) of C7. javana. Our Clausilia neviliiana has nothing of the
Nenia-like shape of that group, effected by the small number of whorls,
the very large aperture, which is more or less protracted below. It is on
the contrary rather slender, the aperture is rather’ small and though not
very oblique still not quite vertical. The closing apparatus agrees pretty
well with the characters given by Bottger of his section Acrophaedusa
(Clausilienstudien, p. 64), vzz., a very long “ principal plait,”’ two or three
rather long and deep palatal plaits, no lunella, small parietal lamelle, piri-
form aperture, not dilatate peristome. This group was created for two
Javanese species, Cl. cornea and junghuhn, Phil., and includes the Indian
forms O/. monticola, Godw.-Aust., and aracana, Theob, Unless the break-
ing up of a specimen should necessitate a different classification, I think
that Clausilia nevilliana can more safely be considered to be an Acrophae-
dusa.
12: O. F. von Méllendorff—New Asiatic Clausiliz. [No. 1,
III.—Deseriptions of some new Asiatic Clausiliz.
By O. F. von Mouuenporrr, Pu. D.
(Received and read May 3rd, 1882).
CLAUSILIA (PSEUDONENIA) ANDERSONIANA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 12.
Testa ventricosulo-fusiformis, solidula, subtilissime striatula, fere
laevigata, pallide corneofusca, apice obtusiusculo ; anfr. 10 convexiusculi,
ultimus valde attenuatus, subtus rotundatus, distinctius striatus; apertura
parum obliqua, oblique piriformis, peristoma continuum, valde solutum,
expansum, reflexiusculum, pallide corneum. Lamella parietalis supera
obliqua, sat valida, cum spiralt continua, infera crassa ante marginem
subabrupte desinens, subcolumellaris immersa. Plica principalis valde
elongata, palatales tres subventrales, divergentes, infima arcuata. Clausi-
lium ?
Alt. 20, lat. 4, apert. long 43, lat. 34 mill.
Has. In insula Mergui provincie Tenasserim leg. Dr. Anderson.
This fine new Clausilia, of which Dr. Anderson discovered only two
specimens in Mergui, is, as Mr. Nevill justly pointed out to me, nearly
related to Cl. insignis, Gould, of the same province, to which species
Dr. Boéttger has assigned a separate group (“ Formenkreis”’) in his sub-
section Pseudonenia of Phaedusa. It differs by the smaller size, less
ventricose shape, the number of whorls 10 instead of 9, the more elongate
and oblique aperture, the freer and more protruding peristome and its
pale colouring and by the closing apparatus. The latter is much more
immersed inasmuch as the palatal plaits of Cl. insignis are lateral, while
those of our novelty are nearly ventral and are, together with the inner
end of the very long principal plait, conspicuous in the penultimate whorl
above the aperture. Besides, the number of palatal plaits is only three
against five of Cl. insignis.
I add the diagnoses of two new Japanese species, which have recently
been obtained by Brigade Surgeon Hungerford.
CLAUSILIA MICROPEAS, N. sp.
Testa gracilis, elongato-fusiformis, tenera, pellucida, subtiliter costu-
lata; pallide cornea; anfr. 93 convexiusculi, apertura rotundato-pirifor-
mis, peristoma continuum, salutum, expansum, reflexiusculum, albolabiatum.
Lamella parietalis supera marginalis obliqua sat valida cum spirali con-
tinua, infera valde remota, vie conspicua, subcolumellaris immersa. Plice
principalis sat brevis, palatalis una supera brevis lateralis, interdum
1882.] O. F. von Méllendorfi—Wew Asiatic Clausilie. 13
secunda punctiformis. Olausilium linguiforme, marginibus parallelis,
subtus acuminatum, haud ierassatum.
Alt. 103-114, lat. 22-24, apert. alt. 2-24, lat. 12-2 mill.
Has. Ad lacum Chinsinji insule Nippon leg. cl. B. Hungerford.
Affinis Cl. gracilispirae differt numero anfractuum minore, habitu
minus gracili, apertura paullo majore, plica principali breviore, plica pala-
tali (plerumque) unica. Speciem utramque ad subsectionem Oylindro-
phaedusam Boettgeri referendam esse existimo.
CLAUSILIA (HEMIPHEDUSA) SUBULINA, Nn. sp.
Testa gracili-fusiformis, subtiliter striatula, solidula, subpellucida,
? cornea, anfr. 10 subplani, ultimus rotundatus subinflatus, rugoso-striatus,
apertura rotundato-piriformis, peristoma solutum, expansum, reflexiuscu-
lum, incrassatum, albo-labiatum, superne sinuatum. Lamella parietalis
supera marginalis valida, obliqua, cum spirali valida continua; infera
remota, antrorsum evanescens, nodulum ad marginem enittens, subcolumel-
laris emersa. Plica principalis modica, palatalis supera divergens, lunella
lateralis subobsoleta vel plicis 2 aut 3 punctiformibus confluentibus
constituta. Clausiliwm linguiforme sat angustum subtus rotundato-attenua-
tum haud inerassatum. .
Alt. 16, lat. 3, apert. alt. 33, lat. 22 mill.
Haz. Ad lacum Chinsinji insule Nippon leg. cl. R. Hungerford
specimen unicum.
EXPLANATION oF Puate I,
Fig. 1. Clausilia hungerfordiana, n. sp., x 2, p. 2.
Fig. 2. oostoma, 0. Sp., nat. size, p. 4.
Fig. 3. — _ gracilispira,n.sp., x 2, p. 5.
Fig. 4. —- sericina, un. sp., x 2, p. 6.
Fig. 6. — caryostoma, D. sp., x 2, p. 6.
Fig. 6. — ethiops, n. sp., nat. size, p. 7.
Fig. 7. —_ tetraptyx,n.sp., x 2, p. 7.
Fig. 8. —— fusangensis, n, sp., nat. size, p. 8.
Biz. 9. — rectaluna,n.sp., x 2, p. 9.
Fig. 10. — aptychia, n. sp., x 2, p. 10.
Fig. 11. —— nevilliana, n. sp., x 2, p. 11.
Fig. 12. — willerstorfi, Mérch, nat. size, p. 11.
Fig. 13. —— — andersoniana, n. sp., x 2, p. 12.
14 J. Wood-Mason & L, de Nicéville—Second List of [No. 1,
1V.—Second List of Diwrnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands.
By J. Woop-Mason, Deputy Superintendent of the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, and L. DE Nick’vVILLE.
[Received April 10th ;—Read May 8rd, 1882.]
(With Plate III.)
RHOPALOCERA.
Family NYMPHALIDA,
Subfamily Danatya.
1. RADENA SIMILIS, var. NICOBARICA, W.-M. & de N.
J. A. 8S. B. 1881, vol. 1, pt. ii, p. 225, @ ¢ (woodcut).
Upperside. ne Underside.
Upperside. o% Underside.
Great Nicobar.
2. DANAIS LIMNIACE, Cramer.
Nankowri, Kamorta, and Katschall.
WOOD-MASON & L, de NICEVILLE, Journ. As, Soc. Bengal, Vol. LI, Pt. II, 1882, Pl, III.
. elk, ae
Fig. 1
Fig. 2. Evpra@a simvunarrrx, 9. Fig. 4. ELYMNIAS MIMUS. @.
EupL@A sIMULATRIX, g. Fig. 3. ELyMNiAs MiMuS, @.
Fig. 5. CrrrHocHROA NICOBARICA, g.
*
1882.] Diurnal Lepidoptera from the Nicobar Islands. 15
3. DANAIS AGLAIOIDES, Felder.
Nankowri, Kamorta, Kar Nicobar, Katschall, Trinkut, and Great
Nicobar.
4. DANAIS GENUTIA, Cramer.
‘ Nankowri, Kar Nicobar, Kamorta, and Katschall.
5. Dawnars curysrtppus, Linn.
One male from Katschall.
6. DANAIS HEGESIPPUS, var. NESIPPUS, Felder.
Nankowri and Great Nicobar.
7. Eupia@a Esrert, Felder.
Kamorta, Katschall, Pulo Kondul, and Trinkut.
8. EUPL@A CASTELNAUI, Felder.
Kar Nicobar; and Mergui, Lower Tennasserim.
*9, KupL@a Novara, Felder.
Kar Nicobar (Felder); and Upper Tennasserim.
10. Evurria@a camorta, Moore.
Nankowri, Katschall, Kamorta, and Kar Nicobar.
“11. EHurna@a simunateix, W.-M. & de N., Pl. III, Fig. 1 3,2 ¢.
J. A.S. B. 1881, vol. 1, p. 229, g ; p. 228, @ (as aberrant 9 of Z. camorta from
Gt. Nic.).
@. Wings above and below all lighter and more broadly bordered
externally with paler of much the same tint as in HZ. camorta.
Anterior wings above with an increasing series of three subapical spots,
an elongated subcostal spot, a minute dot near the end of the cell, and
a larger one just beyond it near the base of the interspace between the
second and third median veinlets, all white.
Posterior wings above spotless.
Wings below with the discal spots of all, and the subapical ones of the
anterior pair, larger and more prominent, but with the submarginal series of
the posterior incomplete and less distinct, only two speck-like representas
tives of them being present in one wing and three in the other, with a
short linear dash between the submedian and the first branch of the median
forming a seventh circumcellular mark in the posterior ones, and with all
the spots coloured as in the male.
A second and smaller specimen approaches the male in the colour
of the upperside and in the breadth of the pale outer borders; it lacks
the seventh circumcellular mark, and has only one indistinct representative
of the submarginal series of dots, on the underside of the posterior wings.
Length of the anterior wing 1:88—1:54; whence expanse = 3°86
—3'18.
Great Nicobar. .
Appears to be very closely allied to the Javan #, sepulchralis, Butler.
16 “J. Wood-Mason & L. de Nicéville—Second List of [No. 1,
Subfamily Saryrin»,
12. Mycanesis mMEpDvUS, Fabr.
Nankowri, Kamorta, Katschall, and Great Nicobar.
13. Mycatesis prusta, Cramer. .
Nankowri, Kamorta, Kar Nicobar, Katschall, and Great Nicobar.
14. MELANITIS ISMENE, Cramer.
$ ¢. Kamorta.
15. Enymnias mimvs, W.-M. & de N., Pl. III, Fig. 3 3,4 9.
Kar Nicobar, Pulo Kondul, Kamorta, and Katschall.
Subfamily NympHaniwa.
16. CETHOSIA NIKOBARICA, Felder.
Nankowri, Pulo Kondul, and Great Nicobar.
17. CrrrHocHROA NicoBaRIca, W.-M. & de N., Pl. III, Fig. 5 ¢#.
J. A. S. B. 1881, vol. 1, p. 281, go. :
Great Nicobar.
18. MerssaRAS ERYMANTHIS, var. NIKOBARICA, Felder.
Kamorta, Katschall, and Great Nicobar.
19. ATELLA ALCIPPE, Cramer.
Katschall.
20. PyYRAMEIS CARDUI, Linn.
Kamorta.
*21. JUNONIA ASTERIE, var. NIKOBARIENSIS, Felder.
Kar Nicobar (Felder).
22. JUNONIA LAOMEDIA, Linn.
Kamorta, Nankowri, and Katschall.
23. HYPoLIMNAS MISIPPUS, Linn.
@ Nankowri and ¢? Katschall.
24. HypoL~imnas Borns, Linn.
Great Nicobar and Tillangschong.
25. NEPTIS NICOBARICA, Moore.
Kamorta, Nankowri, Kar Nicobar, and Katschall.
*26. NeEptTis MatTuTA, Hubner.
Nankowri (elder).
27. NEPTIS MANANDA, Moore.
Kar Nicobar.
28. TANAECIA CIBARITIS, Hewitson.
Nankowri.
Family ERYCINID&.
29. ABISARA BIFASCIATA, Moore.
Kar Nicobar.
-
1882.] = Diurnal Lepidoptera from the Nicobar Islands. 17
Family LYCANIDZ.
80. CuRETIS THETYS, Drury.
Nankowri and Trinkut.
*31. OASTALIUS MANLUENA, Felder.
Kondul (Felder). |
32. LAMPIDES HLIANUS, Fabr.
Kamorta, Nankowri, Trinkut, and Katschall.
33. LampipEs pAnpAvA, Horsfield.
‘Nankowri, Kamorta, Katschall, and Trinkut.
34. LAMPIDES sTRABO, Fabr.
Nankowri, Kamorta, and Trinkut.
35. LAMPIDES PARRHASIUS (Fabr.), Horsfield.
Nankowri and Katschall.
36. LAMPIDES PLATO, var. NICOBARICUS, W.-M. & de N.
Nankowri, Kamorta, Trinkut, and Katschall.
37. LAMPIDES aRDATES, Moore.
Kamorta, Katschall, and Nankowri.
38. LAMPIDES PLUMBEOMICANS, var. NICOBARICUS, W.-M. & de N.
Katschall.
*39. LAMPIDES CNEJUS, Fabr.
Kamorta (Moore).
*40, LAMPIDES KINKURKA, Felder.
Kar Nicobar (Felder) and Nankowri (Moore).
#41, JLAMPIDES KANKENA, Felder.
Kar Nicobar (elder).
#42. LAMPIDES KONDULANA, Felder.
Kondul (felder).
*43. LAMPIDES MACROPHTHALMA, Felder,
Pulo Milo (Felder).
44, LAaMPIpDES RosImMoN, Fabr.
Nankowri.
45. POLYOMMATUS KARSANDRA, Moore.
Kamorta, Katschall, and Trinkut.
46. PoLyOoMMATUS sSANGRA, Moore.
Kamorta, Katschall, and Trinkut.
47. HYPOLYCHENA THECLOIDES, Felder.
Nankowri and Katschall.
*48. SITHON SUGRIVA, var. ARECA, Felder,
Kar Nicobar (Felder).
49. SrirHon KamMoRTA, Felder.
Numerous males from Kamorta, Nankowri, and Kar Nicobar; and
numerous females from Kamorta ; Great Nicobar (Fedder).
18 J. Wood-Mason& L. de Nicéville—Second List of [Ne. 2,
*50. DeEvpoRIX ORSEIS, Hewitson.
Kamorta (Moore).
51. Myrina atymyvus, Cramer.
Nankowri.
Family PAPILIONIDA.
Subfamily Prerinz.
52. 'TERIAS HECABE, Linn.
Kamorta, Katschall, Trinkut, and Nankowri.
53. TERIAS NIKOBARIENSIS, Felder.
Kamorta; and Kar Nicobar (Fe/der).
54. TERIAS DRONA, Horsfield.
Kamorta, Nankowri, and Katschall.
55. 'TACHYRIS HIPPO, var. HIPPOIDES.
Pap. hippo, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1779, ii, pl. cxcv, figs. B. O, 9.
A pair from Kamorta are nearest to the N.-Eastern Indian variety
(TP. hippoides, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 312, ¢ 2); ‘differing
only in the wings of the male being not quite so broadly margined with
brown either above or below.
56. Tacuyris PANDA (Godart), Snell. v. Vollenhoven.,
Great Nicobar.
57. TacHYRIS PAULINA, var. GALATHEA, Felder.
Males and a female from Nankowri, Katschall, and Great Nicobar.
The specimen of the latter sex differs from N.-E. Indian and Madras
ones only in having the base and outer margin of the posterior wings washed.
with sulphureous.
*58. CATOPSILIA CROCALE, Cramer.
Kamorta (Moore).
59. PIERIS CORONIS, var. LICHENOSA, Moore.
Kar Nicobar and probably Kamorta.
Subfamily PapPrnionrna.
60. PAPILIo ARISTOLOCHIA, var. cAMORTA, Moore.
Nankowri, Kar Nicobar, Kamorta, Katschall, and Great Nicobar.
61. PapmILiIo POLYTES, var, NIKOBARUS, Felder.
Males and females of the 1st form from Nankowri and Kar Nicobar ;
males from Pulo Kondul and Great Nicobar; and one female of the
2nd form from Nankowri or Kamorta.
*62, PAPILIO AGAMEMNON, Linn,
Kamorta (JLoore).
Family HESPERIID A.
*63. TaGIaDES HELFERI, Felder.
Pulo Milo (Felder).
ee ae a —
2 a to ae
1882.] Diurnal Lepidoptera from the Nicobar Islands. 19
64. TaarapEs RAvI, Moore.
Nankowri, Kamorta, and Katschall.
65. IsmENE EXCLAMATIONIS, Fabr.
One female from Kamorta.
66. IsmMEeNE MALAYANA, Felder.
Two females from Kamorta, and one from Katschall without the
small semitransparent yellow discal speck between the two posterior branches
of the median vein.
67. HespErraA conaca, Moore.
Kamorta, Nankowri, Katschall, and Trinkut,
68. Hersprerra agna, Moore.
Kamorta (Moore) and Katschall.°
69. HESPERIA KARSANA, var. SATURATA.
Hesperia karsana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 576, 3 9, pl. Ixvii,
fig. 6.
Much darker and without a tracesof sputs on the upperside.
One female from Kamorta; and Kulu, N. W. Himalayas.
70. PaMPHILA PALMARUM, Moore.
Nankowri and Katschall.
71. TELEGonts THYyRSIS, Fabr.
Probably from Nankowri.
Although upwards of one thousand specimens, the product of a whole
year’s collecting carried on by Mr. de Roepstorff in conjunction with the
native collectors whom Col. Cadell, Chief Commissioner of the Andaman
and Nicobars, had so courteously placed at our disposal, have been examined
since our first little list of Nicobar Butterflies was published in this Jour-
nal, we have but seven fresh species to add to that list. The meagreness
of this result appears to be entirely due to the exceptional difficulties that
beset the path of the collector of zoological specimens at the Nicobars,
—difficulties arising partly from the unhealthiness of the climate, and partly
from the visits of the settlement-officers to the more distant and produc-
tive islands, such as Katschall, Teressa, and Great Nicobar, being necessarily
so few and of such short duration, but chiefly no doubt from the almost
complete absence of clearings and of paths through the dense and often
impenetrable forests, and the consequent uniform distribution of attractive
flowering plants and anthophilous insects,—and not to the poverty of
the fauna, for the above list speaks to this being a rich one, and, besides,
it would be unreasonable to suppose that a group of islands clothed, as the
Nicobars are, almost to the water’s edge, with a rich and fairly varied
tropical vegetation only supported some 70 species, or little more than one
20 J. Wood-Mason & L. de Nicéville—Second List of Butterflies, Sc.
third of the number that could in one season be obtained in the Calcutta
district, which has been under cultivation for ages. But small as the net
results of our work are, they already afford a tolerably clear indication that
the Nicobar fauna, so far as the Rhopalocerous portion of it is concerned,
possesses a much stronger Malayan element in its composition than that
of the Andamans, whence we have received twice the number of distinct
species. It would be premature to attempt a detailed analysis, but we
cannot allow this opportunity to pass by without pointing out that, of
the five recorded species of Huplea, three are unquestionably Malayan
forms, and that neither of the five is represented either in peninsular and
northern India or at the Andamans; that the only Hlymnias is a local
form of a Javan species with a representative in Burneo; that the Javan
Tachyris panda appears never to have been before recorded from any place
so far to the westward as Great Nicobar ; that Hypolycena thecloides has
hitherto only been reported from the Malay Peninsula and Singapore ;
that in Sithon kamorta and S. areca we have two striking and congeneric
lyceenids whose affinities are decidedly Malayan, instead of one, as in the
Andamans; and that the Nicobar form of Radena similis more nearly
resembles the Javan than it does any other.
In conclusion, we have to state that in the foregoing list Hesperia
agua = P. mathias of our former paper (see Moore, Lep. Ceylon, where the
differences between these too closely allied forms are for the first time
pointed out), that Huplea castelnaui = EH phebus (Mr. W. L. Distant
having made out to his own satisfaction and to ours that Felder’s name has
priority over Butler’s), and that Danais genutia, Cramer = D. plexippus
(Messrs. Salvin and Godman and others having recently shown that Linné’s
D. plexippus is not the Oriental species which had so long gone by that
name, but an American species, and that the former ought to be known
by the name bestowed upon it by Cramer); and we ought after having
so pointedly drawn attention to their apparent absence, also to draw atten-
tion to fact of the presence, at the Nicobars of Hypolimnas misippus Q
and of Papilio polytes $ second form, which latter, however, would appear
to be of exceedingly rare occurrence.
An asterisk (*) is prefixed to the names of those recorded species of
which we have not as yet received specimens.
EXPLANATION OF Pirate III.
Fig. 1. Euplea simulatrixz, W.-M. & de N., *
Fig. 2. ——_—
Fig. 8. Elymnias mimus, W.-M. & deN., g.
Fig. 4. —— 9.
Fig. 5. Cirrhochroa nicobarica, W.-M. & deN., g.
iil
aE
1882. ] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 21
V.—On new and little-known Mantodea.—By J. Woop-Mason.
(Read August 2nd, 1882.)
Subfamily AMORPHOSCELIDZ, Stal.
AMORPHOSCELIS ANNULICORNIS.
Stal, Oefersigt af Kong]. Vetenskaps-Akad. forhand. Stockholm, 1878, p. 401.
I received an imperfect spirit specimen of this small but remarkable
form several years ago from Nazeerah, Assam ; and, while I was in Eng-
land on furlough in 1877-79, Professor Westwood presented me with a
dried female which, although also defective in many respects, has those
parts present that in the Assam insect are absent, and which enables me to
| complete Stil’s somewhat imperfect diagnosis drawn up from a specimen
that had lost its abdomen. This part is Jong and almost linear, tapering
: very slightly and gradually towards the extremity, which extends a short
distance beyond the closed organs of flight; its supra-anal plate is trian-
gular with the sides slightly concave, as long as it is broad at the base, and
earinate ; and the cerci are racket-shaped, the basal joints being cylindri-
eal, the two penultimate ones compressed and subfoliaceous, and the last
expanded into a great broadly-oval plate. The anterior tibie have the
tarsus inserted rather nearer to the base than to the apex, although from
Stal’s description—* tarsis anticis ante medium tibiarum insertis’’—one
would have expected to find the reverse of this to be the case.
Subfamily EREMOPHILIDA,
CH@RADODIS BRUNNERI, n. sp.
?. Closely allied to Ch. rhombicollis, Latr., and Ch. Servillei, W.-M.,
differing from both in the size, shape, and position of the femoral blotch
(which is nearly thrice as long as broad, extends rather further in front
of the ungual groove than it does behind it, and is followed by four black
puncta arranged along the lower margin of the joint at the bases of alter-
nate spines), and in having the posterior margin of the pronotum slightly
convex instead of concave; from the former in its much narrower and
from the latter in its rather broader tegmina ; and from the latter in the
upper margin of its fore femora being coarsely granulated, and sinuous
instead of straight, in which latter respect it approaches the former.
Has. Santa Fé de Bogota, New Granada. The nymph from Bogota
assigned by me (J. A. S. B., 1880, Vol. XLIX, pt. II, p. 83) with hesi-
tation to Ch. rhombicollis agrees perfectly with the specimen briefly de-
scribed above in the form and colouring of the fore femora and without
fi |
22 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea, __[No. 1,
doubt belongs to the same species, as also in all probability do the specimens
from New Granada named Oh. strumaria by Stil.
EREMOPHILA ARABICA.
Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 3 me fase. Suppl. 1871, p. 378, 9, from Djeddah.
For the first specimen of an Eremophila from the desert country
on the north-western frontier of India, I am indebted to Mr. Francis
Fedden, of the Geological Survey, who obtained it in Western Sind. It isa
female, and it differs from de Saussure’s description of the above species -
only in having five instead of four spines on the outer edge of the fore
tibie. I have recently received from Mr. Murray of the Karachi Museum
three females and two males of the same species, which exhibit a consider-
able amount of variation in size, in the roughness of the integument, and
in the number of spines on the outer edge of the fore tibiew, two specimens
_ having only four and another only three developed on one tibia but the
usual number on the other in each case. A male taken some years ago in
the Suliman Range, and presented to me with some other insects, by
Professor V. Ball, differs from the Sind specimens in having the band on.
the underside of the tegmina broader and 14 teeth instead of 18 on the
inner side of the fore tibiae.
The four posterior legs, of which de Saussure makes no mention in his
description, and which may have been wanting in his type specimen, are
all annulated with brown and roughened with spiniform granules on the
upperside in the Indian specimens.
No species of this remarkable desert genus has before been recorded
from any place further to the eastward than Djeddah in Arabia.
TARACHODES INSIDIATOR, N. sp.
8. Body and appendages brown of the colour of a dead and decayed
leaf. Antenne rather coarsely setaceous. Pronotum with a polished
conical spine on each side at the junction of the anterior with the lateral
margin, which is obsoletely denticulated as far back as the level of the
supracoxal groove.
Organs of flight extending by about 1/6 of their length beyond the
extremity of the abdomen, not quite perfectly hyaline, being just per-
ceptibly milky, with the veins and veinlets horn-coloured, short-streaked or
annulated with darker in the anterior area of both pairs, though much less
distinctly so in the wings than in the tegmina, the latter semiopaque
horny anteriorly, as also are the foriner in a less degree ; the stigma of
the latter long and linear, pale whity-brown, almost colourless.
Legs obsoletely and rarely punctated and mottled with darker, and
only moderately pubescent. The anterior ones marked with darker-brown ~
(? red in the living insect) on the inner surface, the smooth-crested coxa
1882.] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 23
being tipped at both ends, the trochanter streaked, and’the femur orna-
mented along the middle with a streak commencing at the base and_taper-
ing to a point before the extremity of the joint; fore tibia furnished with
15 and 13 spines on the inner and outer edges respectively.
Abdomen slightly fusiform, with at least the 2nd to 7th of its ventral
ares bimaculated with dark brown. Cerci rather broad.
Total length 47 millims.; height or length of head 6:5, breadth 8 ;
length of pronotum 11°5, greatest breadth (between the lateral bulgings)
6; length of meso. + metanotum = 10; of abdomen 23:5, greatest
breadth of abdomen 6°75 ; length of tegmina 40, breadth (just before the
middle) 11:5, of the marginal field 2; length of wings 35; length of fore
coxa 7, femur 10; of intermediate femur 7, tibia 6°75; of posterior femur
8°75, tibia 8°75 ; of cerci. 7.
Has. Nyassa.
TARACHODES DISSIMULATOR, N. sp.
g. Pale greyish testaceous or earth-coloured, with the head, the upper
(outer in the anterior ones) surface of the legs, and the pronotum symme-
trically, speckled and mottled with darker.
Head with the line of the vertex very slightly bisinuous. Antennz
extremely finely-setaceous. Pronotum with two conical tubercles on each
side at the junction of the obsoletely denticulate lateral with the anterior
margin, which latter has a minute rounded median emargination.
Organs of flight in repose extending but little beyond the extremity
of the abdomen, not quite hyaline, with veins and veinlets pale testaceous
marked, especially in their anterior arexw, with dark brown short coalescent
* streaks, both more clouded anteriorly, the tegmina with an oval discoidal
pale patch before the middle devoid of dark marks followed by another
irregular and less distinct ; the stigma shorter and brownish. Legs and
leg-bases long-pubescent; the anterior pair internally yellowish and
conspicuously marked with shining black, the coxa (which has its upper
erest minutely 4-denticulate) throughout except at its two ends, and the
femur from the base to the end of the second third, processes being given
off from the lower margin of the black patch to all but the apical one of
the black spines of the inner and inferior crest and from its distal end
along each side of the femoral brush ; fore tibie armed internally with 14
teeth concolorous with the outer surface and internally with the same
number of jet-black spines.
Prosternum marked behind the middle with a large and conspicuous
deep, but dead, black cordiform blotch, which is succeeded by a pair of
similarly coloured puncta placed near the posterior margin of the somite ;
and by a small roundish, also dead black, spot on the middle of the meta-
thoracic sternum,
24 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. [No. 1,
Abdomen more broadly fusiform ;. its cerci, though narrow, have the
four or five terminal joints distinctly foliaceous.
Total length 41 millims. ; height of head 6, breadth 7:25; length of
pronotum 10:5, greatest breadth 5:25; length of meso. + metanotum 9;
of abdomen 20, greatest breadth 7; length of tegmina 31, breadth 8'5, of
the inarginal field 1°5; length of wings 26; of fore coxa 65, femur 9:5;
of intermediate femur 6°5, tibia 6; of posterior femur 7°5, tibia 7°5 ; of
cerci 5°5. .
Has. Cameroon Mountains, West Africa.
Genus DipymMocorypHa, W.-M.
Ann, and Mag. Nat, Hist. 1877, March, p. 222.
DIDYMOCORYPHA ENSIFERA.
Didymocorypha ensifera, Wood-Mason, loc. cit.
Pyrgocotis gracilipes, Stal, Syst. Mant. 1877, p. 17, @.
In the structure of the head this remarkable form differs from the
similar and allied Pyrgomantis of Africa in having the juxtocular lobes
prolonged into two tall cones which touch one another in the middle line
instead of the middle of the vertex together with the juxtocular lobes
elevated into a median azygous process.
The part of my description (loc. supra cit.) relating to the prothorax
should read thus :—‘ Prothorax narrow, with its sides suparallel, slightly
narrowed behind the insertion of the fore legs, then widening again slightly
to its base ; its supracoxal dilatation and cervical groove hardly perceptible ;
its neck quadrate ; its disk,” &., &.
The structural differences between the Asiatic Schizocephala bicornis
and the African Hpiscopus (olim Schizocephala) chalybeus are of similar
kind and of equal importance ; in the former the “ocular spines” are in
reality prolongations of the juxtocular lobes of the vertex, while in the
latter the faceted cornea of the eyes is itself produced upwards into a
conspicuous spine.
Has. ‘Tinpahar, on the eastern flank of the Rajmahal Hills; Ceylon
(Stal) ; and Kulu, Kangra, in the N.-W. Himalayas.
The names proposed by me for this remarkable form have priority over
those of Stal by several months.
EPISCOPUS CHALYBEUS.
Schizocephala chalybea, Burm., Handb. d. Entom. 1839, vol. ii, p. 552.
Oxyophthaima chalybea, Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 4me fasc. 1872, p. 12, fig. 22 4, g.
Episcopus chalybeus, Stal, Syst. Mant. 1877, p. 18, from Damara Land.
@. Organs of flight abbreviated. Tegmina about 13 times as long as
the pronotum, scarcely extending to the middle of the fourth abdominal
- ee
1882.] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 25
somite, thin-coriaceous, opaque, light yellowish green, the anal gusset alone
membranous and semihyaline. Wings reaching toa little beyond the end of
the 8rd abdominal somite reduced nearly to a quadrant of a circle, their
anal emargination almost none, their anterior area semicoriaceous, yellow,
their posterior area at the base. and along the abdominal margin membra-
nous and milky like the anal gusset of the tegmina, ornamented in the
middle by a large violet-brown metallic blotch (on which the veins are
broadly margined with paler and yellower brown), at the basal end of which
are 3 or 4 small opaque yellowish spots on transverse veinlets, and between
which and the outer margin are alternate arcs of violet-brown and opaque
yellow.
Total length 47 millims.; length of pronotum 11; of tegmina 16 ; of
wings 12°5.
Has. South Africa (J. P. Mansel Weale).
DYSAULES LONGICOLLIS.
Stal, Syst. Mant., 1877, p. 18, ¢@ non 9, from Bengal.
@. Wings and tegmina, abbreviated, semiopaque; the latter scarcely
longer than the pronotum, yellowish horny with the meshes all faintly
smoky or sordid, and with the apex and a discoidal punctular spot fuscous ;
the former with the anal emargination very slight and shallow and obtuse-
angled, with the anterior area reddish-horny tipped with fuscous, and the
posterior bright yellow and bearing near the base a large oval dark violet-
fuscous patch, which is succeeded by a number of concentric lines of the
same colour extending to and becoming successively closer and closer to-
gether towards the outer margin, where they unite to form with the fuscous
apex a fuscous outer border decreasing from the apex to the posterior angle
of the organs.
Total length 56 millims. ; length of pronotum 18; of tegmina 19,
width of tegmina 6; length of wings 15.
g. 2. Anterior femora marked on the inside just in front of the
ungual groove by a small round black spot.
Has. $$ Kulu, Kangra, in the N.-W. Himalayas and Bengal
(Sta).
Var. BREVIPENNIS. ¢. Organs of flight more abbreviated ; the tegmina
being shorter than the pronotum, and the wings having the shape of a
quadrant of a circle with the anal emargination less evident.
Length of pronotum 18°75, of tegmina 15:5, and of wings 12°5 millims.
Has. Bangalore, Mysore, 8, India: obtained by a soldier of H. M.’s
45th Regt., whom I formerly employed to collect for the: Museum.
The eyes in all specimens of the species are furnished near the summit
with a very minute and smooth granule, or blind spot, overlooked by Stil.
26 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. _—_[No. 1,
Subfamily MANTIDZ.
GONYPETA AUTHZMON, n. sp.
?. Body and appendages pale fleshy brown or earth-coloured thickly
punctulated and marbled with darker; the still darker markings of the
tegmina and legs of a rich warm vandyke-brown, arranged on the latter
in rings, especially on their two terminal divisions ; postacetabular portion
of the prosternum, all but the anterior margin of the mesosternum, and the
intermediate coxe internally, jet-black.
Facial shield crescentic, about thrice as broad at its anterior or inferior
margin as itis long. Pronotum strongly dilated at the insertion of the
fore legs, whence it narrows to either end, its setulose margins scarcely
denticulated and slightly hollowed out posteriorly ; the dise of its anterior
lobe convex, raised into a prominent trilobed obcordiform boss, that of its
posterior lobe bearing an indistinct raised median longitudinal line, on
either side of which is a row of smooth and very low rounded tubercles
arranged in four pairs, of which the one next to the posterior margin of the
somite is the most prominent, coloured dark brown, and separated from
those in front by a transverse depression.
Tegmina subcoriaceous, abbreviated, about 23 times as long as the
pronotum, not reaching to the extremity of the abdomen, their marginal
field spotted longitudinally with rich dark brown, their veins and long
linear stigma whity-brown, the former spotted and streaked with dark
brown, their membrane concolorous with the body and legs, their discoidal
field marked across the middle of its length with a large spot or band
narrower at each end and broader in the middle, their posterior area or
anal gusset with the meshes brown and the net-work whity-brown, their
interior radial vein and the first branch of the ulnar both simple and un-
divided, and the anal and axillary veins anastomosed very close to the
posterior margin. Wings semiopaque, dull red, with the outer margin of
both areas rather narrowly margined with fuscous, on which the transverse
veins are-whity-brown indistinctly edged with subhyaline; anterior margin
having the veins towards the apex streaked with darker and the membrane
paler and consequently presenting a spotted appearance ; anal emargination
distinct, the apex of the posterior area reaching the level of that of the
anterior.
Legs all annulated with bands of brown punctulations, the anterior
ones externally ; with the first joint of the tarsus in all longer than the
rest taken together. Anterior tibiz more richly (almost black) banded
internally than externally, armed below in the outer edge with 11 and on
the inner with 9 spines exclusive in cach ease of the terminal claw ; anterior
ere fe
1882.]_ J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 27
coxe scarcely denticulated on the upper crest, furnished with hairs rather
than with spines, punctulate externally but internally washed with fuscous
along the middle ; femora dilated, triangular, only about twice as long as
broad with their superior crest sharp and arcuate, and with a large oval
black blotch preceded by and marked with a whity-brown patch on their
inner face.
Total length (about) 28 millims.; length of pronotum 5°75, of
which the anterior lobe is 25, width of pronotum at dilatation 3°5; width
of head 5:3; length of tegmina 15, width of tegmina 45, of marginal
field 1; length of wings 12, width of their fuscous outer border about 1;
length of fore coxa 6, femur 6°5, width.of femur at angulation 3 ; length of
intermediate femur 8, tibia 6, tarsus 6; of posterior femur 9, tibia 9°5,
tarsus 9°5.
Has. A single specimen was obtained at Minthantoung, on the
Tenasserim river, near Mergui, by Dr. J. Anderson on December 22nd, 1882.
EUCHOMENA THORACICA.
Mantis (Thespis) thoracica, De Haan, Orthopt Orient. p. 94, 9.
Phasmomantis ? thoracica, Saussure, Mélanges Orthopt. i. 3° fasc. p. 192 (44);
ibid. p. 403 (279).
Fischeria thoracica, Saussure, op, cit. ii. 4° fasc. p. 58.
. Euchomena thoracica, Wood-Mason, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 5th ser. vol. i, 1878,
144, 9.
: a heteroptera, De Haan, op. cit. p. 78, pl. xviii, fig. 1, g (nec fig. 2, 9).
_ Many years ago I recognized an insect obtained by my native collector
at Johore in the Malay peninsula, as the Mantis thoracica of De Haan, a
species briefly described in Latin from a specimen without locality, and in
1878 I published a short account of it referring it to the genus Huchomena.
I have since received from Mr. H, O. Forbes, who obtained the insects at
Bantam in the island of Java, two spirit-specimens of the male of De
Haan’s Mantis heteroptera, which, on comparison with the female insect
above-mentioned, prove to be examples of the opposite sex. ‘The insect
from Celebes considered by De Haan to be the female of his Mantis
heteroptera consequently represents, as indeed its totally different structure
shows, a totally distinct species, for which the name heteroptera may con-
veniently be retained.
‘The following are the measurements of one of Mr. Forbes’ specimens
of the male :—
Total length of body 62°5 millims. ; height of head 38, breadth of head
6; length of pronotum 28, of which the anterior lobe is 5, breadth of
pronotum at narrowest part just behind dilatation 1:5; length of tegmina
35, width of tegmina across middle 6, width of marginal ficld 1°3; length
28 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. __[No. 1,
of abdomen 24; of fore coxa 12°5, of femur 15, of its unarmed part 8; of
intermediate femur 15, tibia 12°5; of posterior femur 16:3, tibia 16°3.
The fore tibiz are armed with 7—14 teeth.
The legs.are all banded and the apex of the fore femur is dark brown
on the inner face, as in the female.
HIERODULA (SPHODROPODA) QUINQUEDENS.
Mantis 5-dens, MacLeay, King’s Survey.
Hierodula quinquedens, Mél. Orthopt. 4me fasc. p. 42, 9.
This curious species unquestionably belongs to the section Sphodro-
poda as by Stal defined ; being provided with a marginal series of tubercles
on the under surface of the anterior lobe of the pronotum, as well as with
a preacetabular spine, and having the margins of the outer face of the fore
femora granulated. The form and colouring of the fore coxe are remark-
able: these are broadly bevelled rather than grooved at the upper margin
of their inner face, and the bevelled edge is rich orange-coloured marked
with white or lighter vertical stripes, the prolonged bases of the margi-
nal spines, the rest of the surface being pale violet. The colours of the
tegmina and wings are no less remarkable, the latter being hyaline yellow,
but the former opaque reddish brown varied with yellow of the colour of the
stigma throughout except on the under side of the marginal field, which
is red-violet broadly bordered externally with black.
The front edge of the tegmina is denticulate, but the four posterior
femora are devoid of all traces of a lateral ridge; as in AH. (S.) dentifrons,
Stal.
Has. Trinity Bay and the northern territory of South Australia
(C. French).
HIERODULA (SPHODROMANTIS) BICARINATA.
Hierodula bicarinata, Saussure, Bull. Ent. Suisse. vol. iii, 1869, p. 68, ¢ 9, et Mél
Orthopt. 3me fasc. 1871, p. 222, pl. 5, fig. 22, 2.
Mantis kersteni, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Naturg. 1869, p. 209, 3, ef v. d. Decken’s
Reisen in Ost-Africa 2te Band 2te Abth., 1873, p. 13.
I have a large series of both sexes of this species from the Cameroon
Mountains, Somali Land, South Africa, and Sierra Leone.
Like the closely allied H. gastrica, Stal, this species has the front
edge of the tegmina strongly toothed* so as to serve as a stridulating
organ, and a strong ridge on the apical half of the upper or posterior
face of each of the posterior femora, by which doubtless the toothed edge
* See Fig. 2 of my memoir ‘On the Presence of a Stridulating Apparatus in
certain Mantide,’ in Trans, Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 2638 e¢ seg.
1882.] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 29
of the partially separated tegmina is rubbed; for, if the tegmina of a
limply-articulated spirit-specimen be moved horizontally outwards, so as to
be slightly separated from one another, their toothed anterior margin comes
quite naturally into relation with these ridges, and, if either of the four
posterior legs be then rapidly moved backwards and forwards, a crepitating
or rasping sound is given out, which in the living insect, with its wings
so disposed as to act as resonators, would, I feel confident, be as loud as
that made by many grasshoppers in scraping their toothed femora across
the sharp projecting nervures of their tegmina.
While I was engaged in correcting the first proof of this paper
Mr. J. G. Furnivall, a gentleman who had lived and travelled for many
years in South Africa, informed me that stridulating Mantises very fre-
quently came under his notice during his residence in that country; that
the sounds emitted by them were as loud as, but more crepitating in
character than, the hiss of a large snake; and that, on account of their
possessing these sound-producing powers in so eminent a degree, it was
a common practice with native children to bring specimens of them
alive as curiosities to the European settlers. The species observed by
Mr. Furnivall was in all probability Idolomorpha capensis, Burmeister.
HIERODULA (SPHODROMANTIS) ARABICA, N. sp.
Hierodula trimacula, Wood-Mason, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, 5th ser. vol. i,
p. 147, (mec Saussure). ;
?. Very closely allied to H. (S.) béoculata, Burm., but differing in
its much less expanded pronotum (which is scarcely more enlarged ante-
riorly than that of HZ. trimacula/, in its more pointed and thinner tegmina
(which are thin-coriaceous in the marginal field, but membranous and only
slightly clouded throughout behind the principal nervure), in its less
strongly spined cox (two or three spines of which are similarly connected
with yellowish callosities on the inner face), and in the four-branched dis-
coidal vein of its wings.
Total length 65; length of head 7°75; breadth of head 9:5; length
of pronotum 22:3, of which the anterior lobe is 6:5 ; length of tegmina
43, breadth 13, of marginal field 4; length of wings 87; of fore coxa 17,
femur 20; of intermediate femur 17:5, tibia 17; of posterior femur 21,
tibia 23°5.
Has. Oman, Arabia. Obtained by Colonel Miles.
The anterior edge of the tegmina is delicately toothed and the four
posterior femora are laterally ridged ; the sides of the anterior lobe of the
pronotum are peculiarly straightened as if truncate ; and the fore tibie are
armed with 10 teeth on the outside and with 16 or 17 on the inside.
5
30 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. __[No. 1,
HrieroputaA (SPHODROMANTIS) MUTA, Nl. sp.
9. Of small or moderate size, green.
Facial shield broader than long, 2-4 carinate, the two lateral carinz
obsolescent. Pronotum of about the same shape and proportions as in
HI. trimacula, but with the margins more narrowly rounded at the dilata-
tion, and very distinctly denticulate nearly to the base of the posterior
lobe.
Organs of flight extending little if at all beyond the extremity of the
abdomen, with the apex of their anterior area sharply pointed. The
tegmina coriaceous with the posterior margin broadly, and the anal
area wholly, membranous; their anterior edge appearing indistinctly
and irregularly jagged under a lens; their stigma elongate, narrow, with a
brown point at either end. Wings hyaline a little obscured with greenish
along the front margin and at the very apex, where, also, the transverse
venulation is denser; their discoidal vein two-branched on one side and
three on the other.
Fore coxa armed on the upper crest with numerous very small
teeth (five or six of which, a little larger than the rest, are yellow-based,
and arise from the inner face), devoid of the usual marginal groove, but
ornamented on the inner face with two large subquadrate or subrotundate
depressed yellow spots extending from the edge of the upper crest for
more than two-thirds of the distance towards the lower margin, separated
from one another by a large oblong jet-black spot about 13 times as large
as either of them, and each bounded at its free end by a jet-black line, and
with a very much smaller yellow spot touching the black encircling line
of the basal one of the large spots ; posterior femora not ridged on their
upper or posterior faces, as in the stridulating species. The fore tibiae
are armed in the outer side with 10 (there are only 8 and a rudiment on
one tibia, owing probably to an injury received during larval life), and on
the inner with 18 teeth.
Total length 57 millims.; length of head 6°5, breadth of head 8;
length of pronotum 19, of which the anterior lobe is 6, breadth of pronotum
at dilatation, 6; length of tegmina 86, breadth of tegmina 10, breadth
of marginal field 3; length of wings 81; of fore coxa 13, femur 16'5 :
of intermediate femur, 16, tibia 18°5; of posterior femur 20, tibia 20°5.
Haz. Cameroon Mountains, West Africa.
HIERODULA SIMULACRUM,
Mantis simulacrum, Fabr., Ent. Syst. vol. ii, 21, 34
Burm., Handb. d. Entom, vol. ii, p. 536.
Hierodula simulacrum, Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 3me fase. p. 225, fig., 23, 9, 238 ¢.
A specimen of the female has been received from Mr. H. O. Forbes
from Bantam in Java.
a he ad
1882, ] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 31
HIERODULA STERNOSTICTA, Nn. sp.
@. Allied to H. vztrea, Stoll, from which it differs in being larger and
much more robust, in its much more opaque tegmina (which are finely
serrated on the anterior margin so as to serve as stridulating organs), in
having the fore tibiz armed with 12 and 15 instead of 11 and 14 teeth,
in having the basal half and the lower apical lobe of the fore coxa,
with the lower half of the base of the fore femora to a little beyond the
ungual groove, washed with red on the inside, in the prosternum and mesos-
ternum being symmetrically punctated with dark red-brown of the colour
of the lower apical lobe of the fore femora, and in the tegmina being
bordered in front with pale red-violet on the underside.
Total length 85 millims.; length of pronotum 30:5, of which the
anterior lobe is 9, breadth at supracoxal dilatation 10; length of tegmina
52, breadth 20:5, breadth of marginal field 6:5; length of fore coxa 19,
femur 24; of intermediate femur 20, tibia 18; of posterior femur 23:5,
tibia 25; breadth of head 12, length 10.
The discoidal vein of the wings is 4 and 5-branched in the type
specimen, 3 and 4 in another, and 3 and 4 in a third, in which the anterior
branch of the three-branched wing is forked.
Has. Near Trinity Bay, Australia (C. French). Nine specimens,
8 adult females, and 3 nymphs of each sex.
HIERODULA (RHOMBODERA) ATRICOXIS, var. GRANDIS.
?. Differs from typical Hzerodula atricoxis, W.-M., in its larger
size, in the relatively narrower foliaceous expansions of its pronotum, and
in having the two anterior black spots of the prosternum squarish instead
of pyriform.
Total length about 100 millims. ; length of pronotum 83, of which
the anterior lobe is 10, greatest breadth of pronotum 16, breadth of pri-
mitive pronotum at supracoxal dilatation 11:5; length of tegmina 62,
breadth of tegmina 23°5, breadth of marginal field 7°5; length of fore
coxa 21°5, femur 27; of intermediate femur 22°5, tibia 20°5; of posterior
femur 27, tibia 29°5.
Has. Murray Island, Torres Straits.
HIERoDULA (RHOMBODERA) FLAVA.
Mantis flava, De Haan, Orthopt. Orient. p. 68, ¢ 9, from Java.
Mantis macropsis, Giebel, Zeitschr. f. gesammt. naturwiss. 1861, p. 111, from Banka.
Hierodula (Rhombodera) macropsis, Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 3me fase. p. 218, fig.
18, 9 ; Suppl. p. 408; et 4me fase. p. 36, de
A specimen of the female of this very distinct species has been for-
warded to me from Bantam in Java by Mr. H. O. Forbes,
32 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. _[No. 1,
The fore margin of the tegmina is minutely and irregularly jagged,
but not modified to serve as a stridulating organ, as in some of the other
Eastern species of the same section.
HiIERoDULA (RHOMBODERA) BASALIS.
Mantis basalis, De Haan, Orthopt. Orient. p. 67 Q.
Hierodula (Rhombodera) basalis, Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 4 me fasc. p. 35, fig. 6,
7, 2, from Java and Malacca.
Three fine specimens of the female were recently obtained near Mergui
by Dr. J. Anderson, all having the stigma encircled with rich dark brown.
From the anal orifice of one of them, there project the terminal coils of
two specimens of a species of Gordius measuring five and eight inches
in length respectively.
The fore margin of the tegmina is not serrated.
Mantis, Linn., Sauss.
All the species furnished with 9 spines (African) on the outer edge
of the fore tibiz are distinguished from those (Kuropean, Asiatic, and
African) with only 7 by having marginal denticles on the under surface
of the anterior lobe of the pronotum, as in Bele ae: and Sphodromantis,
sections of Hierodula.
The following species belongs to this category :—
MANTIS CALLIFERA, 0. sp.
@. Pronotum much slenderer than in J. pia, Serville, and more
suddenly narrowed behind the insertion of the fore legs.
Anterior coxze armed on the upper crest with numerous minute den-
ticles, and ornamented on the inside with four large highly polished convex
oval callosities (red or yellow in the living insect) connected with the
bases of as many minute spines springing from the side of the crest ; femora
without black marks; tibiz armed with 9 spines on the outer edge and 13
on the inner in one specimen and with 8 to 9 and 12 to 18 in the other.
Total length about 62 millims.; of pronotum 20°75, of which the
posterior lobe is 15, width of pronotum at dilatation 5:25; length of
tegmina 47 ; of fore coxa 14, femur 18 ; of intermediate femur 14, tibia 11 ;
of posterior femur 17:5, tibia 17°'5.
Has. Cape of Good Hope,—two specimens.
IRIS ORIENTALIS, n. sp.
$. 2. Much slenderer than J. oratoria, Linn., from which it also
differs in being without a trace of tale-like fenestre in the anterior area
of the wings.
6. Organs of flight long, very delicately clouded with green and
almost perfectly hyaline everywhere except in the marginal field of the
1882.] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 33
tegmina and at the anterior margin of the wings, in which parts they
are semiopaque bright green; posterior area of wings ornamented with
a large oval violet-fuscous subbasal blotch succeeded by four or five
concentric lines of the same colour, which are successively narrower and
less distinct from within outwards.
@. Organs of flight much abbreviated. Tegmina semicoriaceous,
light bright green like the body and legs. Wings reduced nearly to a qua-
drant of a circle, the margin and the apex of their anterior area yellowish-
green, the rest of the anterior, together with the base of the posterior, area
dull wine-red, their posterior area bearing a huge violet-fuscous discal
blotch, between which and the outer margin the ground-colour is yellow
marked with a series of about four concentric violet-fuscous lines suc-
cessively decreasing in width and distinctness from within outwards.
Total length g¢ 40, @ 42 millims.; length of pronotum ¢ 11,
2 12, width of pronotum at dilatation ¢ 3, 2 35; length of tegmina
S 28, 2 18, width of tegmina ¢ 65, 2 5; length of wings ¢ 25,
? 10°5.
Has. Kulu Valley, Kangra, in the N.-W. Himalayas, where it was
discovered in extraordinary numbers in 1880 by Mr. A. G. Young.
POLYSPILOTA INSIGNIS, nN. Sp.
$. Head 14 times as broad as long; facial shield pentagonal, also
about 14 times as broad as long; ocelli all oval and equal and rather close
together, the two posterior being not much further from one another than
either of them from the anterior; antenne black, concolorous with the
head at base.
Posterior lobe of pronotum about 33 times as long as the anterior,
strongly roof-shaped with a prominent but smooth raised dorsal ridge ;
supracoxal dilatation well-developed, rounded, on either side of which the
margins of the pronotum are tolerably finely denticulate for about half the
length of each lobe.
Organs of flight very long, extending by about one-fourth of their length
beyond the extremity of the abdomen. Tegmina semicoriaceous, ferrugi-
nous-brown, the posterior margin and the anal gusset being alone membra-
nous and pale smoky or sordid; marginal field with a large opaque black-
fuscous blotch at the base followed by another and by six (including the
apical one) fuscous-black transverse bands all commencing at the costa and
extending to the middle of the discoidal field, growing paler as they go,
and finally blending insensibly with the sordid of the posterior moiety ;
anal gusset with its transverse veinlets pale and lined with hyaline,
Wings dark smoky-quartz-coloured, with the longitudinal veins much
darker and the transverse veinlets much paler and very narrowly lined with
34 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. _[No. 1,
hyaline on both sides; with the apex of the anterior area and six bands all
commencing at the anterior margin and extending successively from the
base of the organ further and further into the posterior area (where they pass
insensibly into the paler ground-colour) very much darker smoky-quartz-
colour; with the venation and membrane between these bands much
lighter than elsewhere, so that the organs appear alternately banded with
light and dark; and with the outer margin of the posterior area very
narrowly semihyaline.
Fore femora and coxe bifasciated externally with fuscous, the latter
furnished with 8—9 minute, slanting, sharp, conical spinules on the upper
crest, the former black on the inner side from the base nearly to the
apex ; fore tibiz armed with 10 + 15 spines on their two inferior edges ;
the femora of the four posterior legs present obscure traces of transverse
fascie.
Abdominal terga black-fuscous with the lateral margins paler.
Total length 85 millims.; of pronotum 31°5, of which the anterior
lobe is 7, width of pronotum at supracoxal dilatation 7°75 ; height of head
7, breadth of head 95; length of fore coxa 16, femur 19°5 ; of intermediate
femur 20, tibia 18°5 ; of posterior femur 24, tibia 25; length of tegmina 67,
breadth of tegmina (across middle) 12°5; length of wings 59.
Has. Cameroon Mountains, West Africa.
The female differs from the male in her larger size and stouter build,
and in her shorter and broader organs of flight, the tegmina being only
about 13 times the length of the pronotum and the wings reduced nearly to
the form and proportions of a quadrant of a circle.
Genus MrsopTEeryx, Sauss.
Bull, Entom. Suisse. vol. iii, 1870, pp. 234, 235.—Mél, Orthopt. 8me fasc. p. 188.
MESOPTERYX ALATA.
Saussure, op. supra. cit,
Has. The Philippines. Manilla.
MESOPTERYX PLATYCEPHALA.
Tenodera platycephala, Stal, Syst. Mant. 1877, p. 56 @.
8. Much slenderer than the female.
Pronotum smooth and rounded, carinate only for a short distance
from the base ; slightly enlarged at the insertion of the forelegs ; the trans-
verse impressed black lines of the underside of its lateral expansions having
the form of elongate puncta barely extending half the distance from the
base to the margin.
1882. | J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 35
Organs of flight when closed not extending further than the 8th abdo-
minal somite, hyaline with horn-coloured (? green in the living insect)
veins everywhere except in the marginal field of the tegmina (which is
coriaceous opaque and bright-green margined posteriorly along and behind
the principal vein with semiopaque horn-brown (? green) concolorous with
the veifis and shining stigma), and at the anterior margin of the wings,
which is obscured with horn-brown (? green).
The cerci are long and compressed from the middle of their length to
the tip, in both sexes, but especially in this sex, in which they are narrowly
foliaceous at the extremity.
Total length 97 millims.; length of pronotum 35:5, of which the pos-
terior lobe is 29 ; length of head 5, width of head 8:5; length of tegmina
51; length of fore coxa 16, femur 18°5; of intermediate femur 19, tibia
17 ; of posterior femur 25, tibia 25.
The above description has been drawn up from a specimen captured by
any native collector between Moulmein and Meetan in 1877.
Another specimen from Nazeerah measures pronotum 33°5 and tegmina
48, and a third, obtained by Mr. 8. E. Peal in the Sibsagar district, Assam,
pronotum 34 and tegmina 505 millims.
- Specimens of the female differ a good deal in the degree of develop-
ment of the organs of flight, two specimens from Moulmein measuring—
total length about 100—105 millims.; length of pronotum 387:75— 39,
of which the posterior lobe is 830°5—81°5 ; length of head 6°75—7, width
of head 10—10; length of tegmina 51°5—55:5, width of tegmina 11—11,
of marginal field 3—8; length of fore coxa 19:°25—20, femur 21—21°75 ;
of intermediate femur 20—20°5, tibia 19—20°5 ; of posterior femur 26—27,
tibia 29-31; one from the Himalayas—total length 110 millims.; length
of pronotum 42, of which the posterior lobe is 34; length of head 7°5,
breadth of head 10°5; length of tegmina 55; of fore coxa 21, femur 24;
of intermediate femur 28, tibia 21; of posterior femur 30, tibia 33; one
from Sibsagar—total length 108 millims.; of pronotum 42, of which the
posterior lobe is 34; length of head 7, breadth of head 10°5; length of
tegmina 40; of fore coxa 21'5, femur 24; of intermediate femur 22°5,
tibia 21°25; of posterior femur 29:5, tibia 32; and the specimen described
by Stal having the tegmina scarcely longer than the pronotum.
Has. One male from the banks of the Houngdarau, on the road from
Moulmein to Meetan, Upper Tenasserim ; another from Nazeerah (Dr.
Foster), and a third from Sibsagar (S. #. Peal), Assam. Two females
from Moulmein (Captain Hood), a third from the ‘ Himalayas,’ belonging
in all probability to the Asiatic Society’s collection, and a fourth from
Aideo, Sibsagar (S. #, Peal).
36 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea.
MESOPTERYX ROBUSTA, N. Sp.
¢. Prothorax longer and more robust than in JL. platycephala, Stal,
and slightly dilated at the insertion of the fore legs; its dorsal are roof-
shaped, with the raised median longitudinal line coarse and prominent
throughout, and with the free edges of its relatively narrower foliaceous
expansions straight posterior to the supracoxal dilatation instead of slightly
convex and the under surface coarsely rugose-punctate, with the puncta
translucent instead of black.
Organs of flight when closed reaching just to the extremity of the last,
abdominal somite. The tegmina green with the marginal field coriaceous,
the rest of the organs being membranous. The wings hyaline with the
anterior margin alone clouded with green,
Legs rather more robust. The fore tibiz armed with 12 blunt teeth
on the outside and with 18 on the inside below. .
Cerci only slightly compressed.
Total length 118 millims. ; length of pronotum 45°5, of which the
posterior lobe is 36°5; length of head 7 5, breadth 11; length of tegmina
65, breadth of tegmina 14°5, of marginal field 35; length of fore coxa
24, femur 27:25; of intermediate femur 23, tibia 21:25; of posterior
femur 29:25, tibia 31°75 ; of cerci 12:5.
Haz. A single specimen obtained probably by myself on South Anda-
man Island in 1872, but possibly by one of the Museum collectors under
Captain J. Butler in the Naga Hills, Assam.
OEE <<
JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
—@—
Part II.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
NN LOO eee sec Sk OO 0 0 0 0 0 eee
Nos. II and IIlI.—1882.
LPL? LL BID Oe
Members and Societies who h
for 1881 are requested to substi
present No. of the Journal.
ave already received a copy of Plate XVI
tute for it the Plate bound up with the
spot on the forewing Witu am snumvuney we
the first median nervule at the inner edge of the dark border. Unprrsipg
pure glossy brown, a narrow lilacy-white transverse line continuous across
both wings, even, narrowly edged internally with very dark brown, the
brown ground-colour deepens from the base to this line, and outside the
line it is abruptly and uniformly paler. Forewing with two submarginal
ocelli, small, white pupilled, and. ringed with lighter brown. Hindwing
with seven ocelli, the three upper small, the fourth, sixth, and seventh
minute, the fifth only prominent.
Length of forewing 1 inch, whence expanse = 2°1 inches.
6
38 G. F, L. Marshall—Zare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. [No. 2,
Taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the Donat range in Upper Tenas-
serim in January. The type specimen, which is unique and much muti-
lated, has been deposited in the Indian Museum, ‘The female is unknown.
It is closely allied to Mycalesis (Loesa) oroatis Hewitson, from Java, and
of which it is the continental form.
2. ZOPHOESSA DURA, N. sp.
Plate IV, fig. 2 ¢.
3. Wings above dark velvet brown, with a faint purple gloss and
in some lights a golden sheen, the outer margin of both wings abruptly
paler, the pale margin widening on the hindwing where it occupies nearly
half the wing. orewing with an indistinct similar submarginal line on
the pale ground ; hindwing with four round blackish spots on the pale
ground, and beyond them a dusky marginal line followed by the usual
outer yellowish lines divided by a fine dusky line. UNpeRsIDE as in
Z. sura, Moore, to which it is closely allied, but the silvery grey and
chesnut markings are less prominent, and the grey zigzag lines at base of
the hindwing are much more convex in outline.
The spots on the upperside of the hindwing are much smaller than
in Z. sura, the two on the median interspaces are prominent, the other two
are obsolescent.
Length of forewing 1:35 inches, whence expanse —= 2°8 inches.
Taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the lower Thoungyeen forests in
Upper Tenasserim in May. ‘The type specimen, which is unique, has been
presented to the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
38. HIPPARCHIA SHANDURA, 0. sp.
Plate IV, fig. 3 ¢.
¢@. Allied to H. briseis, Linneus, from northern and western Asia,
but smaller and notably differing in having a large white patch in the
discoidal cell of the forewing completely filling the cell except at its
extremity ; and in this feature approximating to the species of Melanargia
(galathea, lachesis, psyche, clotho, &c.) in colouring.
Wings above dull black with creamy white markings. Forewing with
the costal margin streaked and mottled with grey and black ; a large blotch of
creamy white in the discoidal cell, filling it completely from the base to near
the extremity where it ends abruptly, and a discal series of longitudinal
creamy white streaks, consisting of a short streak above the subcostal nervure,
a very long one below it bearing a round black spot in the centre, a very
short narrow streak between the discoidal nervules, a larger streak below
1882.] G. F. L. Marshall—Rare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. 39
the third median nervule, a larger one still below the second median
nervule divided transversely by a large blackish spot, a shorter streak
filling the whole width between the first median nervule and submedian
nervure and bearing a blackish spot near its outer upper end, and a
short streak below the submedian. Cilia long, white, broadly inter-
rupted with black at the ends of the nervures. Hindwing with a broad discal
transverse band of creamy white longitudinal streaks completely coalesced,
widest at the middle where it extends half way into the discoidal cell and
narrowest at the margins especially the costal margin ; cilia long, white,
scarcely perceptibly interrupted with black. Unpersipe. Forewing, cos-
tal margin and apex whitish finely mottled with brown ; cell white mottled
with: brown at upper edge, and with a blackish bar near extremity ; the
discal series of streaks as above but alllarger, completely coalescing, and
sharply defined with dark brown internally and externally except at the
apex where they merge into the mottled ground, the two black spots of the
upperside reappearing as black ocelli with white pupils. Hindwing white
mottled with brown, the mottlings deepening into three irregular dark
brown mottled transverse bands darkest at their outer edges, one sub-
. marginal, one near the base of the cell, and one between these two.
Length of forewing 1:15 inches, whence expanse = 2°4 inches.
Taken by Major John Biddulph on the Shandur plateau in Northern
Kashmir. The type, which is unique, has been deposited in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta.
4, ZkEUXIDIA MASONI, Moore.
This species was described from a specimen of the female taken in the
Limborg expedition at Meetan in Upper Tenasserim in April, at an eleva-
tion of 3,000 feet, in the following terms. “Allied to Z. amethystus, Butler,
from Sumatra. Female, differs in the paler colour of the wings, and in
the greater breadth of the yellow oblique band; the band entire and termi-
nating at the middle median branch, below which are two similar-coloured
spots ; a small pale patch before apex of the wing ; hindwing pale cinnamon-
brown broadly along outer border. Expanse 4:5 inches.”
A male specimen of a Zeuxidia has recently been taken by Captain
C. T. Bingham in the lower Thoungyeen forests which evidently belongs
to this species, the male of which has not as yet been described. It differs
from Z. amethystus 8 on the forewing in having the lilac band extending
to the hinder angle; and in the hindwing in having the lilac patch
extending from just above the third median nervule to the submedian
nervure: instead of extending from just below the body to the fold
between the second and third median nervules.
40 G. F. L. Marshall— Rare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. [No. 2,
Description, ¢, UppERSIDE velvety blackish brown, paler at the
outer margin and glossed with purple about the dise of each wing; fore-
wing with a broad whitish purple transverse band suffused with darker
purple at the edges and extending from the costa, where it is broadest,
outside the cell to the hinder angle where it narrows to a point ; hindwing
with the outer margin broadly pale purple extending from the fold above
the third median branch to the submedian nervure, the extreme margin
and tail being brownish. UnpersipE bright golden brown, deepening out-
wards towards a narrow dark brown almost regular line which crosses.
both wings just at the end of the discoidal cell from the costa of forewing’
to a little short of the anal angle of hindwing near which this line is
abruptly and acutely angled back towards the base. Horewing with three
lilac grey bars across the cell, and the transverse dark line outwardly and the
costal half of the wing outwardly irregularly suffused with lilac grey.
Hindwing with the dark transverse line outwardly and the basal half irregu-
larly suffused with lilac grey, and with two moderate sized ocelli, one
between the subcostal nervules brown, with a yellowish pupil and yellowish
and narrow dark brown rings ; the other between the first and second median
nervules dull yellow finely ringed with dark brown and excentrically marked
with a brownish spot bearing a yellowish pupil.
Length of forewing 2 inches, whence expanse = 42 inches.
This species is manifestly very closely allied to the Sumatran
Z. amethystus, but both are extremely rare, and in the absence of specimens
of the latter, we must retain the Indian species as distinct,
The specimen was caught between March and May, but the exact
date is uncertain, and adds one more to the numerous and valuable discoveries
which we owe to Captain Bingham’s careful research.
5. THAUMANTIS LovIsA, Wood-Mason.
The male of this species was described and figured by Mr. Wood-
Mason in the Journ. A. S. B., Vol. XLVII, part II, p. 175 (1878), from
two specimens in the Limborg collection, taken in Upper Tenasserim on
the Taoo plateau at an elevation of 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Captain C. T.
Bingham has recently captured a fine specimen of the female, hitherto
undescribed, in the lower Thoungyeen forests which are also in Upper
Tenasserim, and not far from the Taoo plateau but at a considerably lower
elevation,
T. lowisa 9 differs from the figure of the male, in pis following
particulars. UpprrsrpE with the fulvous ground-colour on the hindwing
extending completely up to, and embracing the heads of, the hastate
border spots, the ground-colour of the outer portion of the wings being
not white but pure french grey, the only traces of pure white being on
.
1882] G.F. L. Marshall— Rare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. AL
the forewing, at the middle of the costal margin and outside the median
transverse line and decreasing from its costal end. The dusky tipping at
the apex also extends below the subcostal nervure. UNpErstpE with the
fulvous portions not luteous, but strongly suffused with grey and altogether
of a far colder tone; the hastate border spots of the upperside pale but
perfectly distinct and complete ; hindwing with the outer submarginal
lunular line obsolete, the inner one slender and incomplete, whereas in the
figure of the male both these lunular lines are complete and prominent.
Length of forewing 2°8 inches, whence expanse = 5°8 inches.
The specimen from which the description is taken was captured between
March and May, exact date not recorded. It of course lacks the tuft of
erectile hairs on the hindwing which is present in the male.
an
6. PoLYOMMATUS ELLISI, n. sp.
Plate IX, fig. 4 g.
@. UpprrstpE dark greyish black, the basal portion of both wings
powdered with metallic greenish golden scales, the outer half with a bronzed
sheen; Forewing with a dark centered white spot at end of the cell, and
a discal series of four prominent white spots sometimes dark centred ;
Hindwing also with a white spot at end of the cell, and a small white one
above it near the costa ; a discal series of four white. spots, corresponding
with those on the forewing.
UNDERSIDE creamy white, Morewing brownish on the dise with the
outer margin broadly paler, the spots of the upper surface large, indistinct
and paler still. Hindwing with the base metallic greenish golden deepen-
ing into brown up to the discal row of spots, the outer margin creamy
white, the spots of the upperside large, indistinct, white.
The female appears to differ in lacking the brilliant metallic scales.
Expanse 0°9 to 1:05 inches.
The type specimen (which has been presented to the Indian Museum)
was taken on the Sanch pass in Pangi, N.-W. Himalayas, at an elevation of
14,000 feet above the sea in August by Mr. Robert Ellis, after whom I
have named it. Several other specimens were taken at the same time all
corresponding with the type specimen. Others were taken in Pangi in
June at an elevation of 12,000 feet which have less of the metallic sheen,
and have the white spots on the upperside considerably smaller; these
latter evidently belong to the same species, but whether they are seasonal
or geographical varieties is uncertain,
42 G. F. L. Marshall—Rare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. [ No. 2
7. PapmLIo CLARA, n. sp.
Plate IV, fig. 5 .
&. Wings above velvety brown, almost black in some specimens, paling
at the outer margin broadly at the apex and decreasing towards the hinder
angle. Forewing with four short streaks of powdery blue at the end of
the cell, behind which are four longer and narrower streaks toward the
base, also a discal series of eight bluish streaks increasing in length
from the costa and each extending from near the outside of the cell to
the edge of the paler outer border, the two lower streaks between the
submedian and median nervures, the remainder one between each pair of
nervules. Hindwing with a prominent submarginal row of pure white
longitudinal streaks one on each side of each nervule leaving a wide
brown margin beyond on which in some specimens indications of the
continuation of the white streaks to the margin show through from the
underside ; a rounded yellow spot at the anal angle bordered inwardly by a
blackish lunule. Body black, spotted with white.
UNDERSIDE uniform paler brown of the same tint as the margin on the
upperside, the forewing unspotted except with faint traces of whitish at
the hinder angle ; hindwing with the row of white streaks as on upperside
but continued up to the margin, the yellow anal spot and black lunule as
on upperside and a round white spot at base above the costal nervure.
Length of forewing 1:9 inches, whence expanse = 3°9 inches.
Habitat.—U pper. Tenasserim.
P. clare is closely allied to P. hewitsoniz, Westwood, from Borneo,
of which it may possibly be only a permanent geographical variety. It
differs from P. hewitsoniz in the presence of the blue streaks on the forewing
which are visible more or less in all the thirteen specimens examined, in
some very prominent in others partially obsolete, but none are without
blue at the end of the cell and in the interspaces immediately beyond it.
It also differs in the paling of the margin of the forewing ; and in the
hindwing in the single row of prominent white streaks. Its northern ally
P. slateri, Hewitson, differs in the shape of the forewings having them
narrower and more acuminate, and also entirely lacks the white streaks
on the upperside of the hindwing. In shape of this wing P. clare
corresponds with P. hewitsoniz. |
The difference between Assam and Tenasserim species in regard to
the absence or presence of white spots on the hindwing has curious
parallels among the Hupleas which are mimicked by this group of Papilio,
E. deione, Westwood, and EH. hopet, Felder, from Assam lack the white
border spots on the hindwing, while their representatives in Tenasserim
cd
1882.] G. F. L. Marshall—Rare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. 43
LE. limborg?, Moore, and £. grote, Felder, have the white spots prominently
developed.
Four specimens were taken by Captain C. T. Bingham on the Donat
range in January. Three were taken by Captain C. H. E. Adamson in
the Thoungyeen forests in February, and six in the same locality by Captain
Bingham in May. |
8. Paprm~tio PAPONE, Westwood.
This species was described by Westwood in 1872 in the Trans. of
the Ent. Soc. Lond., with “ habitat in India orientali,” and no subsequent
notice has been recorded of its occurrence so far as I know. A specimen
has now been taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in Upper Tenasserim,
which satisfactorily establishes the exact locality for this rare butterfly ;
the capture was made in the ‘Thoungyeen forests on the 12th March.
It will be seen that the materials for the foregoing paper are almost
entirely due to the careful researches of Captain C. T. Bingham, whose
investigations as an ornithologist are already well known, and to whom I have
been indebted for most valuable and generously rendered assistance in the
getting together of data for the handbook of the “ Butterflies of India,”
&¢., the first part of which has been published; Captain Bingham has
succeeded during the past two seasons in capturing nearly every species
formerly recorded from Tenasserim, besides numerous species and sexes of
Species new to science and some new to the Indian list, and I take this
opportunity of warmly acknowledging not only his labours but the gene-
rous way in which he has placed the whole of his collection at my disposal.
EXPLANATION oF Prats IV.
Fig. 1. Myculesis surkha, Marshall, 3.
Fig. 2. Zophoessa dura, A os
Fig. 3. Hipparchia shanduray ,, ae
Fig. 4. Polyommatus ellisi, - g-
Fig. 5. Papilio clare, as d.
44 J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer, [No. 2,
.
VII.—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer, Axis porcinus,
with an amplification of the theory of the evolution of antlers in
Ruminants.—By Joun Cocksurn, Offg. 2nd Asst. to Supdt. Indian
Museum, Calcutta. |
[Read March 1882.]
The specimen exhibited to the meeting is a frontlet of the Hog-deer
in which the left horn is abnormally developed as in a stag of the elaphine
group. The frontlet is a specimen that belonged to the Asiatic Society’s
collection and is without history. There is, however, fair presumptive
evidence that the horns belonged to a feral animal.* Before proceeding to
any explanation of the variation a description is necessary.
The right horn is normal and measures 14” from burr to tip along
the curve. The brow tine 33”; the external tine 5”, internal tine 22”,
Circumference at burr 53 of beam midway 28. The left horn has five
tines on it, as in a stag of ten, and the beam describes a sweeping curve
' posteriorly. The burr and brow tines are normal, though the latter is
slightly curved inwards; an inch and a half further up the beam is a tine
measuring 34” in length which I take to be representative of the bez tine.
This tine, though otherwise justly proportioned, is curved inwards and back-
wards. Three and a quarter inches further up the beam is a third snag
measuring 23” along the curve; this snag though flattened and rae I
take to be analogous to the oul tine. Lastly the tip is bifurcated, it
appearance being that of the sur-royal in Cervus canadensis. These snags
are palmated and the inner furcation, which has lost its tip, grows Seni =
to the inner tine C on the opposite horn.
Abnormalities in Cervine horns are not uncommon. Judge Caton in
his recent work “On the Antelope and Deer of America” discusses the
question and attributes these growths to accidental injury to the horn,
while tender and growing. Admitting that the majority of abnormal horns
come under this category, I am nevertheless inclined to think that the
specimen under review is to be otherwise explained. As a disciple of the
doctrine of evolution it appears to me more rational to attribute the con-
dition of the left horn to reversion or atavism. The circumstance of the
variation being unilateral does not invalidate my hypothesis ; polydactylism,
the occurrence of supernumerary mamme, and other phenomena of this
nature being very frequently unilateral.
* The horns are bleached as if by exposure, and the polish where visible appears
to me rather that of a feral than domestic animal.
1882.] J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer. 45
The fact, however, that reversion to an extinct ancestor implies degra-
dation in the Rusine is I confess a difficulty. The Rusine type of antler
prevailed in Pliocene times, and is a comparatively elementary state.
Nevertheless Cervus dicranos, whose antlers are described by Boyd Daw-
kins as “so complicated as to defy description,’ existed during that epoch,
The question of the atavism of these Hog-deer antlers is an important
one, and asit is notoriously difficult to assign a clear and true value to certain
conditions which would entail the destruction of a fancied discovery, I
shall first attempt to put in as strong a light as possible the opposite argu-
ment to my view, vz, that the horns here described are accidental pro-
ductions.
It may be advanced: Firstly, that of four of the so-called tines only
one, the bez, bears any resemblance to a well formed tine, and the fact of
its turning down at the tip seems to point to an inherent tendency which
the inner tine has (in this species) of curving downwards ; that it is in fact
nothing more than the inner tine C arrested in its growth at the. lower
portion of the beam. Secondly, that the so-called royal tine is on the
inner side of the beam. Finally that the terminal bifurcation is due to
a law announced by myself further on, that all terminal portions are
capable of furcation. Other abnormalities doubtless exist in private collec-
tions of horns and this paper, if it results in no further good, may possibly
have the effect of leading to the description of some of these.
The evolution of antlers in Ruminants appears capable of being brought
under a theory of development. The honour of being the first to apply a
definite law to the development of the horns of the Cervide belongs to the
late Prof. A. Garrod, who published a paper on the anatomy of the
Ruminants in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for January 1877.
Garrod’s law may be most briefly stated in his own words. ‘“ What
may be called the typical antler is composed of a bifurcate beam, with a
brow-antler springing from the front of its basal portion. ‘These three
parts may be termed A, B, and © as in the accompanying diagram (fig. 1.)
“They occur, uncomplicated, in the genus, Rusa, in C. porcinus, O. axis
and C. alfredi (fig. 1), On the assumption that most of the complicated
many-pointed antlers that occur are the result of the exaggerated develop-
ment of one or other, or both of the extremities B and OC, their special
_ features may be explained. For instance imagine both B and C bifurcate,
remaining of equal size, and we arrive at the condition found in Cervus
schomburgki (fig. 2). C. duvaucelli differs in that B is extra developed at
the expense of C (fig. 3). ....... Following out the ingeniots hypothesis
of Mr. Blyth, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 835, C. eld only differs in the still greater
development of the anterior branches of B (fig. 4). ....... In Cervus dama,
and in the species included in the genus Pseudawis ...... a different condi-
7
46 J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer. [No. 2,
B c B G
F , ¢
i 2 3
Bile
c
B B
Le) B
| A
\ pe :
Diagram of Antlers of Deer.
tion obtains, B being greatly reduced and C correspondingly enlarged
(fig. 5). In the Elaphine Deer this is carried further, the continuation
of the beam C being divided terminally into many points (fig. 6). ......
With reference to the brow-antler A, it is evident that its duplication (the
bez tine) is more associated with the actual size of the antlers than with
any other peculiarity.” (This last assertion is by no means evident.)
Although Prof. Garrod’s theory satisfactorily explains the development
of a large number of Cervine antlers, it is powerless to explain the horns of
the Elaphine those of Elaphurus davidianus, Oervulus, Coassus, Se.
It is apparent that his so-called typical antler is already a complex organ
possessing as it does 3 tines, while there are existing species of deer whose
antlers never proceed beyond the condition of a simple spike, Coassus rufus
for example. It therefore appears more philosophical to assume the typical
antler to be a simple spike, a condition which all cervine horns exhibit in
the first year’s growth. |
Some months after the publication of Prof. Garrod’s paper on the
anatomy of the Ruminants, Prof. Boyd Dawkins published a most im-
portant paper in the Quar. Jour. of the Geol. Society (Vol. XX XIV—Read
19th Dec. 1877) “on the history of the Deer of the European Miocene and
Pliocene strata.” The general conclusions he arrived at regarding the
paleontological history of the development of antlers are given below in an
abstracted form.
;
}
y
7
;
4
j
a
alll _———_ =
ao! a
1882.] J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer, 47
“In the mid-Miocene age, the cervine antler consisted of a simple
forked crown only. In the Pliocene it becomes larger and longer and
altogether more complex, some forms, such as the Cervus dicranios of
Nesti, being the most complicated antlers known either in the living or
fossil state. These successive changes are analogous to those which are
to be observed in the development of the antlers in the living deer, which
begin with a simple point and increase their number of tines until their
limit be reached.” More recently (Nature Nov. 1881) he has repeated the
same generalization in slightly different language which I here quote, “ In
other words the development of antlers indicated at successive and widely
separated pages of the geological record is the same as that observed in the
history of a single living species.”
Boyd Dawkins regards the antlers of the extinct Procervulus, which is
the simplest type hitherto met fossil, as the starting point of the antlered
ruminants both in the old and new worlds. But the antlers in this genus
were more or less branched, and bearing the existing Ooassus rufus in view,
they can hardly be regarded as quite elementary. Considering the imperfect
state of the Geological record it may be foretold that an antlered ruminant
with simple deciduous spikes for horns will yet be discovered fossil.
Prof. Dawkins has not attempted to apply his theory to an explanation
of the horns of existing deer as Garrod had done, but Sir Vincent Brooke
who published an elaborate paper on the classification of the Cervidae, with
a synopsis of the existing species, in the P. Z. S. for 1878 p. 888, has fol-
lowed Garrod’s theory closely.
There is therefore room for an amplification of Dawkins’ phylogenetie
law, which I would state thus, as bearing on both extinct and existing
cervines.
The development of the antlers of individual species of cervines is
a recapitulation of the history of the development of antlers in the group.
I would assume the typical antler to be a simple spike, as in Coassus
rufus, capable of extensive furcation, reduplication, arrest and redundancy
of growth in parts.
In certain species the terminal portions of the main stem, when the
limit of length has been reached, have a tendency to develop an almost
unlimited number of snags, possibly referable to palmation of the horns in
an extinct ancestor. This tendency is markedly manifest in Cervus elaphus
and Panolia eldi and in a lesser degree in Rucervus.*
I shall take up the development of the horns of the Wapiti, Oervus
canadensis, to illustrate my theory.
* The fine horns of Rucervus duwvaucelli figured by Blyth, P. Z S. 1867, fig. 3, show
this character, and also a tendency to palmation. The horns are yet in the Museum.
48 J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer. [No. 2,
The growth of the antlers in the Wapiti has been carefully described
by Judge Caton whose observations extended over a period of 15 years and
included over 100 deer.
The horns of the 1st year are usually spikes, a condition I illustrate by
fig. 1.
1 2 3 4
The second antlers have both brow and bez tines, this condition I
therefore regard as a double furcation, fig. 2. The third antlers almost
invariably have the Royal tine, see fig. 3. The fourth and fifth year may
or may not produce the sur-royal, fig. 4.
The horns of Cervus elaphus and its numerous races are, I consider, the
most difficult of comprehension in the whole group, and the above is I
believe the first rational explanation of their development that has as yet
been offered. Capreolus caprea and Elaphurus davidianus are both primi-
tive types. In these two genera the primary bifurcation takes place on
the beam at some distance from the burr. The development of the horns
of Capreolus offer so admirable an instance of fureation from a simple
beam, that the marvel is that the theory I have brought forward has not
occurred to some one before.
The horns of Hlaphurus davidianus which were a stumbling block to
Prof. Garrod, who states that they were “ quite beyond his comprehension,”
are easily explained by the same theory. The primary furcation takes
place some distance up the beam, the forward branch (brow tine) subse-
quently furcates again, while the posterior branch, which in the stag (H/aphus)
has hitherto been considered the beam, remains simple tapering and pointed.
It thus becomes obvious that superiority of growth in either the anterior
or posterior branches of the primary furcation would constitute the main
stem or beam.
The tendency towards fureation of the anterior branch or brow tine is
yet manifest in various existing cervines. In an extinct species of deer,
Megaceros hibernicus the brow tine was constantly furcate at the extremity,
and a tendency to this order of things is to be observed throughout the
Rusine family.’ I would in this manner explain the studs and snags so
commonly present in the brow tine of Aais maculatus. I observe that it
exists in 8 out of 15 heads, and such being the case, it appears doubtful
1882.] J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer, 49
whether it should not be rather considered the normal condition, and the
typical antler of Garrod the reverse. In the majority of instances there
is a small conical snag at the base of the brow tine, but in more than one
specimen there is a double snag, and in one of these specimens the anterior
snag measures 33 inches in length.
The extreme of this form of development is to be observed in Panolia
eldi where the brow tine has commonly 3 snags (trifurcate). It is of less
common occurrence in Rucervus duvaucelli, and in BR. schomburgki exhibits
the same type as in Megaceros, viz., a well marked fureation of the extre-
mity of the brow tine. &. schomburgki has probably the most exuberant
horns of any existing cervine.
The Sambar of India, Rusa aristotelis, can, as a rule, be distinguished
from other races by the circumstance of the tines B and C being of nearly
equal length, and the posterior being set on immediately behind the other.
It is thus in the same plane as the furcation at the brow. In the Assam
and Burmese races the outer tine B is, as a rule, longer than B which is
set on the beam in a transverse direction pointing inwards and upwards.
It thus approaches the horns of Asis porcinus. I would throw out the
‘suggestion that as both these animals frequent grass jungles, the more or
less transverse direction of the posterior tine has been produced through
the resistance offered to the growing horn by the grass and that this cause
operating similarly on both species through a series of generations has
resulted in a permanence of the type.
With reference to the horns of Panola eldi, an examination of a large
series of horns in every stage of growth has convinced me that Prof. Garrod’s
diagram is incorrect. (P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 16, fig. 4.) The tine C has no
existence in the position assigned to it in any specimen I have seen. Horns
of the 2nd year’s growth are in the form of a C without the top stroke.
The next stage is furcation of the anterior extremity. Mature horns of
_ PP. eldi often have as many as 9 or 10 small snags on the main beam, in
additicn to a terminal furcation.
This is particularly to be noticed in the Siamese race of brow-antlered
deer named Cervus platyceros by Gray. Good figures of these Siamese
horns are given by Blyth, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 841. The palmation of the
extremity is evident (hence the name), and the numerous snags are, I
consider, of the nature of the spillers in Dama and Alces. I cannot at
present offer an explanation of these spillers beyond that already given.
50 J. Cockburn—On the habits of a little known Lizard. [No. 2,
VIII.—On the habits of a little known Lizard, Brachysaura ornata.— By
JoHNn Cocksurn, 2nd Assistant to Superintendent Indian Museum.
[Received 26th January; Read 1st February.]
BRACHYSAURA ORNATA.
Blyth, J. A. S. B. Vol. XXV p. 448.
Giinther, Reptiles of Brit. India, p. 161.
Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 78.
Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 77.
Very little is known of this lizard. It was originally described by
Blyth in the J. A. S. B. Vol. XXV from specimens procured by Dr. Jerdon
at Saugar in Central India Dr. Ginther includes it in an appendix to the
Reptiles of British India, and remarks that it is just possible that this
animal may be recognized when re-discovered, but from the description
alone it is impossible to characterize the new genus Brachysaura or to fix its
position in the family of the dgamide.
In the P. A. S. B. for 1877, Dr. Jerdon in his Notes on Indian Herpe-
tology remarks that all his endeavours to procure specimens for a more
minute examination of this curious form had hitherto failed and “ till some
one with sufficient scientific proclivitios examines these districts we must
rest satisfied with our incomplete information.” The type appears at this
time to have been lost. In 1872, five specimens were procured in Kachh by
that enthusiastic naturalist Dr. Stoliczka, and described in the Proceedings
for May, 1872.
During the last rainy season I found B. ornata excessively common in
the vicinity of the town of Banda and was enabled to send more than twenty
living specimens to the Zoological Gardens, Calcutta, as well as to present
a series to the Indian Museum. The results of my observations show how
much of interest there may be in the life history of a small lizard.
There are certain anomalous sexual characters about this lizard, the
females being larger than the males. The superiority of the female in size
appears to occur irregularly throughout the province Sauropsida. The
female of Sitana minor is a third larger than the male, but in Calotes
versicolor the reverse is the case. In Brachysawra, which is closely allied
to Calotes, not only is the female larger, but she is normally more brilliantly
coloured than the male. Certain peculiarities in the behaviour of the
females leads me to suspect that they seek and attract the males. In more
than one instance I observed a female make decided advances towards
a male. She sidled up to him in a most insinuating way, with a crouching
wriggling motion and open jaws, and seized him by the nuchal crest.
Dr. Stoliczka P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 72 remarks that the head-quarters
of Brachysaura appear to be westward. This is not strictly correct, but
even in ignorance of Stoliczka’s paper I fell into a similar mistake and in a
q 1882. ] J. Cockburn—On the habits of a little known Lizard. 51
letter to Dr. Anderson, wrote, “ B. ornata appears to be essentially a
Central Indian species. The black volcanic soil of these provinces seems
its peculiar habitat. I, however, once (in 1873), captured a pair on the
north bank of the Jumna at Allahabad near the mouth of the Sussor
Kuderee, Sztana is plentiful in this locality, but I never found another
pair of Brachysawra. It is unknown in the Duab, and the probability is
that these individuals were the offspring of others brought down in some
flood from. Bundlekhand.” It now appears likely that Brachysaura ornata
will be found in arid tracts throughout the Gangetic provinces, from the
confluence of the Jumna westward to the extreme limits of the Empire.
It would appear to range with Psammophis condanurus, and Sitana minor.
Its southern limit beyond Saugar is yet unknown.
There are several points in which my specimens appear to differ from
Dr, Stoliczka’s and I have therefore described the lizard anew.
Brachysaura ornata, Blyth, ¢. A squat thick-set pot-bellied ground
lizard, with a large head and short tail, Scales on the upper surface of
body, limbs and tail strongly keeled, this character being less defined on the
lower surface of the abdomen and thighs. The scales of the body are in
nearly vertical series down the flanks, following the line of the ribs, and
gradually inclining upwards in the direction of the costal cartilages on
the ventral surface. Counted round the body at the 30th spine they are 55
in number in an adult. From the 1st nuchal spine to the extremity of the
tail are 110 scales.
A dorsal and nuchal crest of sharp spines is present in the male sex
only ; the nuchal portion of this crest, composed of 9 scales, is most deve-
loped, there is then a hiatus of 8 strongly keeled scales, when the spines
again occur. They are continued in the form of a strong median series of
keels to the tips of the tail.
Total length. Head and body. Tail from
to centre of vent. centre of vent.
6 #63 33 33
Q@ 52 36 15 (Imperfect. )
2 . 335 2-42.
The fore limb when laid backwards reaches the inguinal region, and
the hind limb laid forward extends to the angle of the lower jaw, all four
limbs are strongly keeled to the extremities of the digits. The keels
are very strongly marked on the scales of the tail, so much so as
to impart to it a polygonal appearance in its lower half. They dimi-
nish in a binumeral ratio from 12 in number at the basal half of the upper
third, to 6 at the extremity. No preanal pores have been observed.
Head large, with a prominent and overhanging superciliary ridge
composed of 8 inflected scales, counted between the nostril and the posterior
52 J. Cockburn—On the habits of a little known Lizard. [No. 2,
margin of the orbit where it abruptly terminates. Nostril round, in a
single large inflated shield, its position being immediately above the 3rd
12, R 12.
PS MT
The lips are thick and fleshy and there are two rows of scales, similar
to the upper labials, covering the lip. Both upper and lower labials are
perforated with pores varying from 1 to 5 in number on each scale ; the
loreal region also exhibits these pores. The upper surface of the head
requires minute description ; itis more or less covered with tuberculated and
keeled scales. Beginning from the rostrum it will be seen that the 4th
and 5th scales on the mesial line from this shield are tubereculated and
enlarged into a rudimentary nasal appendage. The number of scales in
transverse series at this point are 2 on each side, or, including the tubercle,
5 in all. In other specimens, particularly in females, this character may be
described as a rosette-like group of tuberculated scales. These scales are
not so strongly marked in immature specimens. Posterior to this region
are the convexly prominent superior surfaces of the orbit, characterized
by a deep mesial groove, and also covered with enlarged tubercular scales.
In the centre of the vertical region, which may be defined by an imaginary
line drawn across the head from the posterior termination of the super-
ciliary ridges, is a large round scale with a central depression and white
horny central point. Separated from it by a single scale are two small
conical isolated spines, and a few enlarged keeled scales. Further beyond,
on the posterior edge of the temporal region, are two groups of spines as in
Oalotes. These groups are made up of from 5 to 7 elongate conical spines,
a central spine being always more developed than the others. There is one
other character of importance in the head. This consists of a ridged cheek
piece of much enlarged and keeled scales which extends from below the
hinder angle of the orbit to the tympanum, The number is not constant,
and from 6 to 12qmay sometimes be found.
The normal colour of the females consists of various shades of earthy
brown, with three rows of rhomboidal or circular blotches—one median,
which is the largest and extends down the tail, and two lateral rows of
smaller size. The blotches have a pale straw or flesh-coloured edging.
Females taken under sexual excitement are either wholly crimson, or crimson,
with the exception of the back, which is dusky olive. The gular fold is deep
black. In this stage the female does not exhibit any markings or blotches
whatever, and at the least provocation or excitement becomes quite crimson.
The prominent and pendulous abdomen in this sex is evidently connected
with the stowage of ova.
The males are normally of an uniform dusky brown. In this sex the
blotches are not so well marked as in the female, and imuch smaller. ‘The
and 4th labials. Labial formula,
a
1882.] John Cockburn—On the habits of a little known Lizard. 53
flesh-coloured edging might in them be rather described as an interrupted
flesh-coloured line. The general colour assimilates itself to the black cotton
- soil which this lizard particularly affects. I have never captured a male in
the crimson state, but have observed that they can assume a faint rosy
tinge and also abright green. The males havea distinct physiognomy,
slenderer bodies, but stouter limbs than the females. The tail is bulbous
and thick at the base, with the usual sexual projection, and suddenly
tapers. It is always a third longer than in the female. The gular sac is
developed in both sexes, but is more massive and has a distinctive
masculine outline in the male. These notes on colouration present the
sexes in breeding livery, August and September.
The tissue below the nuchal and dorsal crests would appear to be of an
erectile nature. These crests I observed much developed in a male during a
paroxysm of excitement when it acquired a distinctly arched outline. Many
of the females when captured were entirely scarlet and evidently under
strong sexual excitement. Their bebaviour is then remarkable and most
amusing. A female under these circumstances twirls the tail, inflates her
gular sac, and gives the body a peculiar wriggle.
Brachysaura is a sluggish lizard. with a dull and heavy habit of body,
-and grows much larger than any specimens I have sent to the Museum.
Both B. ornata and Sitana minor are ground lizards, but I have observed
them hanging in an awkward fashion from nearly bare stalks 34 feet above
ground. Though both frequent the open by choice, their holes are usually
at the roots of a Spurgewort (Cwlotropis) or a Bair bush (Zizyphus) ; a deser- >
ted rat burrow is often used. ‘They do not seem to be very prolific, laying
from eight to ten eggs, yet they are numerically abundant in certain spots ;
for I captured no less than 50 within a mile of my house, chiefly on the
Banda race-course. This lizard must be considered decidedly stupid. Large,
and heavy specimens are hardly able to run, and in fact do not attempt it;
but if pressed show fight with open jaws, actually leaping,at an offending
object. It can give a sharp nip and holds ou like a bull dog.
I am at a loss to conceive how Brachysaura maintains itself in such
numbers against the numerous predacious animals that prey on lizards.
The genera Corvus, Milvus, Poliornis, Herpestes, Felis, Canis, Ptyas, Naja,
Varanus and a host of other enemies all abound in the localities where it is
found ; Oalotes and Uromastix are an important item in the food of these
animals, Sitana I have often observed impaled on a thorn by a Lanius.
The only explanation I can offer is, that it has some objectionable
flavour or poisonous protective quality which renders it secure from attack.
I was in hopes that the experiment of offering one to some Raptor would
have been made at the Zoological Gardens here, but the subject seems to
have escaped attention. I may mention that the natives of Banda firmly
8
54 L. de Nicéville—Second List of Butterflies. [No. 2,
believe this lizard to be poisonous and get out of its way at once; I was
also informed that if eaten they would produce insanity. The circumstance
of its feeding with impunity on insects that are themselves protected in
this way seems in favour of this theory. The contents of the stomach of
one I killed on purpose were, (1st), fragments of a small species of Julus ;
(2nd), one small carnivorous beetle; (8rd), fragments of other Coleoptera.
It is very easily kept alive, feeding readily on flies, grasshoppers and
beetles, and all kinds of stinking bugs. These bugs and Julus have a pro-
tective odour, and I have found all birds reject them.
When caught or frightened this lizard emits a short but not unmusical
squeak. The facully of voice has not been observed before in the Agamide.
It appears to be nocturnal in its habits, and it is only in the evening, or
when their holes are flooded, that they are to be seen in numbers.
IX.—Second List of Butterflies taken in Sikkim in October, 1882, with
notes on habits, Ye.— By Lionet DE Nice’VILLE.
[Received 29th November ; read 6th December, 1882.]
In the second part of this Journal for 1881, vol. 1, p. 49, I contributed
a list of the Butterflies taken by me during five days collecting at different
elevations in Sikkim in the month of October, and enumerated 129 species.
This is but a very small portion of the Rhopalocerous fauna to be met
with even in one month in the vicinity of the Station of Darjiling, as I
therein indicated, and as the list that follows shews. The whole of the
species now enumerated were not taken by myself, as I was accompanied
on several occasions by Mr. Otto Moller (an enthusiastic collector, who
has most generously placed the whole of his extensive collections of Sikkim
Butterflies at Major Marshall’s and my disposal for examination in the
preparation of our work on “ The Butterflies of India’’), and a party of
five Lepchas, who make what they can by catching insects and selling
them to visitors. These men were very glad to sell us what we wanted of
the specimens they caught at a pice a piece ; especially as we told them that
we required small species more especially, these latter, unless very bright-
coloured, they never take any notice of. On two different days they took
us to two parts of the same hill stream (“ Jora’”’), and shewed us their
principal hunting grounds. These chiefly consist of open sandy spaces by
the side of the stream which attract vast numbers of Butterflies to settle,
and to suck up the moisture. In one place upon a large flattish stone
near the middle of the stream, the men had put some sand and kept it
i
]
,
T
j
J
1882. ] L. de Nicéville—Second List of Sikkim Butterflies. 55
watered, and it was surprising the numbers of Butterflies that came to
their ‘trap’ and were caught. Judging from what I there saw, I am of
Opinion that nearly all the Butterflies which are bought from the common
Lepcha boxes at Darjiling are caught in this way, and in the low valleys
averaging perhaps 2,000 feet elevation above the sea. Here Butterflies
in immense variety literally swarm, and in one fine day a man can easily
fill a box with large and showy species.
For facility of reference I have repeated, with the addition of an
asterisk, the names of all the species given in my first paper which
we did not meet with on this trip, commencing the numbering of the
fresh species at 180. The latter were all taken between the elevations of
about 4,000 and 2,000 feet above the sea. The species that were met with
on this as well as on the first occasion have no number prefixed, .
LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA.
Family NYMPHALID.
Subfamily Danatna.
Danais ( Parantica) aglea, Cramer.
130. Danais (Caduga) tytia, Gray.
Danais (Caduga) melaneus, Cramer.
Danais (Tirumala) septentrionis, Butler.
In the neighbourhood of Calcutta D. limniace alone occurs, in Sikkim
it is replaced by D. septentrionis, but at Simla and in the neighbouring
hills and in many other localities both species occur together.
4. *Danais (Salatura and Limnas) chrysippus, Linneus.
5. Danais (Salatura) genutia, Cramer. :
This is the D. plexippus of my former list.
131. Huplea (Salpine) rogenhoferi, Felder.
One male only of this rare Butterfly was caught by a Lepcha.
132. Euploa (Salpine) rhadamanthus, Fabricius. ~
One male only at 2,000 feet.
Euploa (Trepsichrois) midamus, Linneus.
* Huploa core, Cramer.
133. LHuploa (Stictoplaa) hopet, Felder.
One female was taken by a Lepcha. It is by no means a common
Sikkim butterfly.
Subfamily Saryrin a,
184. <Anadebis himachala, Moore.
Not very common in deep forest.
Mycalesis (Gareris) gopa, Felder.
Myealesis (Virapa) anaxias, Hewitson.
56 L de Nicéville—Second List of Butterflies [No. 2,
135. Mycalesis (Orsotriena) runeka, hit
Two males only.
136. Mycalesis (Calysisme) perseus, Fabricius.
A single male. It is evidently rare in Sikkim, Mr. Ot to MGller has
taken hundreds of the variety JZ. visala, but only a few of the true
M. perseus. The latter is at once known by the rounded apex to the
forewings.
Mycalesis (Calysisme) perseus, var. visala, Moore.
Common everywhere amongst trees and bushes. The markings on the
underside are infinitely variable, but the “sharply angled, almost pointed,
apex of the forewing” (Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882. p. 406) dis=
tinguish it from the preceding. |
Mycalesis (Samanta) malsara, Moore. |
Not uncommon amongst bushes and undergrowth. |
Lethe kansa, Moore.
Both sexes, males not uncommon, one female only.
* Lethe mekara, Moore.
Lethe chandica, Moore.
Both sexes in forest,
* Lethe europa, Fabricius.
Lethe rohria, Fabricius.
Males common everywhere, females less so.
137. Lethe (Tansima) verma, Kollar.
Far less common than the preceding. Occurs in the same localities.
Lethe sidonis, Hewitson.
Common at about 6,000 feet elevation, not seen much lower.
Neope bhadra, Moore.
Ypthima philomela, Johanssen.
Ypthima sakra, Moore.
' Ypthima nareda, Hewitson.
*Zipactis scylax, Hewitson.
1388. Melanitis leda, Linneeus.
One example at 2,000 feet elevation.
139. Melanitis ismene, Cramer.
Common in forest.
140. Melanitis zitenius, Herbst.
Common at low elevations.
Subfamily EnyMnNrina.
Elymnias undularis, Drury.
141. EHlymnias leucocyma, Godart.
Common around villages at about 2,000 feet elevation.
Dyctis patna, Westwood.
"
1882.] taken in Sikkim in October. 57
142. Dyctis vasudeva, Moore.
One male at a low elevation.
Subfamily Morpuina.
143. Discophora tullia, Cramer.
Discophora celinde, Stoll.
Thaumantis diores, Doubleday.
Subfamily AcRaINz.
Pareba vesta, Fabricius.
This is the Acrea vesta of my former paper.
Subfamily NymMpPHatina.
Cethosia biblis, Drury.
Cethosia cyane, Drury.
Not nearly as common as OC, bzblis.
Cirrhochroa aoris, Doubleday, Hewitson.
Cirrhochroa mithila, Moore.
Cynthia erota, Fabricius.
144. <Argynnis (Acidalia) niphe, Linnezus.
Common at about 4,000 feet elevation.
Symbrenthia hippoclus, Cramer.
Very common. It is one of the comparatively few butterflies that
live amongst the tea, to be accounted for probably by its food-plant (nettle)
growing there more commonly than in uncultivated ground.
145. Symbrenthia hypselis, Godart.
Both sexes taken, but it is not nearly as commonly met with as
S. hippoclus. Mr. Moore has described two allied forms from Sikkim,
S. niphanda (P.Z.8., 1872, p. 559), and S, cotanda (P. Z.8., 1874, p. 569,
pl. xvi, fig. 9g). The examples referred to above as S. hypselis are pro-
bably S. eotanda,
146. Vanessa charonia, Drury.
A single male was taken by Mr. Moller at about 2,000 feet elevation.
147. Vanessa caschmirensis, Kollar.
Very common in the tea-gardens.
Pyrameis indica, Herbst.
Junonia lemonias, Linneus.
* Junonia laomedia, Linneeus.
* Junonia asterie, Linneeus.
Precis iphita, Cramer.
Common. I recorded this species under the genus Junonia in my
former paper.
Pseudergolis wedah, Kollar.
58 L. de Nicéville—Second List of Butterflies [No. 2,
This is the Precis veda of my first paper.
Kallima inachis, Boisduval.
148. Doleschallia bisaltide, Cramer.
Ergolis ariadne, Linneus.
Cyrestis thyodamas, Boisduval.
Cyrestis risa, Doubleday, Hewitson.
Stibochiona nicea, Gray.
Hestina nama, Doubleday.
Males very common, one female taken by a Lepcha, the first specimen
of this sex I have seen, and therefore new to the Museum collection. Our
largest d measures 3°7 inches in expanse, this @ is half an inch (4-2) larger.
The wings are broader, and the ferruginous outer margin of the upper and
undersides of the hindwing lack the series of very dark brown lunules
between the nervules which are present in the male.
149. Hestina persimilis, Westwood.
One male only at a low elevation.
150. »Huripus cinnamomeus, Wood- Mason.
One fresh female taken, which agrees with the type specimen described
in the J. A. 8. B., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 272, pl. iv, fig. 4, (1881), from Shillong.
Huripus halitherses, Doubleday, Hewitson.
Males only seen.
Lebadea ismene, Doubleday, Hewitson.
Limenitis procris, Cramer.
*Timenitis daraxa, Doubleday, Hewitson.
Rahinda hordonia, Stoll.
The Neptis hordonia of my former list.
151. Neptis miah, Moore.
Not rare at low elevations. I took it settled to drink on damp sand.
152. Neptis radha, Moore.
One very worn male at about 3,000 feet elevation.
* Neptis viraja, Moore.
Neptis varmona, Moore.
One male. This agrees with the specimen I named J. aceris in my
former list and which I subsequently sent to Mr. Moore for correct identi-
fication. It was returned with “? varmona’’ placed on a ticket beneath it.
The underside is bright ochreous, with the white bands and spots clearly
defined outwardly with black.
Neptis emodes, Moore.
These specimens have been named by Mr. Moore. They are smaller
than JV. varmona, the underside is dark tawny, not ochreous, the bands are
narrower and the spots more separated. The dark edgings to the spots and
bands are less prominent owing to the ground-colour being much darker,
One of the specimens is the Neptis amba of my former list.
1882. } taken in Sikkim in October. 59
153, Neptis soma, Moore.
The Sikkim specimens named by Mr. Moore have the streak in the cell
on the upperside of the forewing very narrow, as also is the spot beyond
it, the discal series of spots on that wing small, rounded and well separated ;
underside tawny, not so deep a shade as in WV, emoades, the bands and spots
not outwardly defined with black.
Neptis susruta, Moore.
Specimens of this species from Sikkim identified by Mr. Moore may
be known from the preceding by the streak in the cell and spot beyond it
being wider, as also is the anterior band on the hindwing. The bands and
spots on the underside are slightly defined with black.
154. Neptis nandina, Moore. ;
Several specimens at low elevations.
Neptis cartica, Moore.
Mr. Moore has confirmed my identification of the specimens of this
species I took in Sikkim. It may perhaps be best identified by noticing
that only the discal band on the upperside is pure white, all the other
markings are more or less sullied, the discoidal streak is marrow and
hardly separated from the triangular spot beyond it, and the submarginal
waved lines are very distinct in the forewing. Underside tawny, markings
undefined with black.
155. Neptis vikasi, Horsfield.
One specimen at 2,000 feet.
156. Neptis columella, Cramer.
Two females at low elevation.
Athyma leucothoé, Linneus,
Athyma selenophora, Kollar.
Males common, one ¢ (= A. bahula, Moore) only observed.
157. Athyma zeroca, Moore.
Males as common as A. selenophora. The female has yet to be dis-
covered. It will probably differ from the female of the preceding species
in having the streak in the cell of the forewing undevided.
* Athyma inara, Doubleday, Hewitson.
Both sexes taken at low elevations.
* Athyma mahesa, Moore.,
158. <Athyma cama, Moore.
Both sexes taken.
159. Athyma chevana, Moore.
A single specimen of this rare species was taken by a Lepcha.
160. Muthalha garuda, Moore.
161. Huthalia lubentina, Cramer.
A single female at 2,000 feet elevation.
60 L, de Nicéville—Second List of Butterflies [No. 2,
Huthalia kesava, Moore.
* Huthalia sananda, Moore.
Huthalia apiades, Ménétriés,
Note, The three last species appeared in*my former list under the
genus Adolias.
37. Rohana parysatis, Westwood.
Males common. ohana is a new genus lately defined by Moore in
his “ Lepidoptera of Ceylon.” The species formerly appeared under the
genus Apatura.
162. <Apatura namouna, Doubleday.
Males not uncommon below 38,000 feet elevation.
163. Apatura bolina, Linneus.
Very common, but all the examples taken were much worn,
164. Sephisa chandra, Moore.
One female only was taken by a Lepcha. The female of §. chandra
has never been described I believe. It differs from the male in the outer
margin of the forewing being far less emarginate, in the male it is deeply
. Incised between .the lower discoidal and third median’ nervules. The
hindwing is also broader and far less denticulate. On the upperside the
rich orange colour of the male has entirely disappeared except the spot in
the cell of the forewing, which however is much reduced in size. Beyond
the cell in that wing in the Sikkim specimen above referred to, but hardly
observable in another Sikkim example and one from Nepal both in the
Museum collection, there are four longitudinal white streaks between the
nervules, decreasing rapidly from the anterior one placed between the
costal nervure and upper discoidal nervule and the posterior one between
the third and second median nervules. The discal white spots in the
male are smaller in the female, the anterior ones whitish, the posterior
bright steel-blue. There are also other similarly coloured spots and
streaks between the nervules just beyond the cell and below it. In the
hindwing the ground-colour is black with a marginal and submarginak
row of spots, the outer the smaller, and a diseal series of streaks between
the nervules all steel-blue. In the Nepal specimen they are sullied with
tawny. On the underside the orange spot in the cell of the forewing is
much larger than above, and in the hindwing there is a round orange spot
on the middle of the costa and a similar-one in the cell, the submarginal
spots are yellowish and-all the steel-blue markings of the upperside much
paler.
In 8S. dichroa, the North-West Himalayan representative of 8. chan-
dra, there is hardly any sexual differentiation.
165. Dichorragia nesimachus, Boisduval.
One male at 2,000 feet elevation.
1882.) taken in Sikkim in October. 61
Eulepis athamas, Drury.
Both sexes of the pale greenish-white (almost pure white), and males
of the sapegreen variety were taken. The latter is by far the commonest
form of this species, but both occur in the same localities and are equally
partial to sucking up the moisture from damp sand.
Haridra polyxena, Cramer.
Numerous varieties taken. They have the same habits as the pre-
ceding species but are seldom found but at low elevations, while H. athamas
occurs up to 6,000 feet elevation to my knowledge. These two last species
appeared in my former list under the generic name Mymphalis, but
Mr. Moore has lately made new genera for their reception.
Family LEMONIIDA.
Subfamily NemMEostrn a.
Zemeros flegyas, Cramer.
Common everywhere. As far as my personal knowledge goes all the
species contained in the subfamily Wemeobiine (apud Kirby) have a quick
flight, but only for a short distance, when they settle usually on the upper
surface of leaves with wings half open, often in the shade, and frequently
walk over and about the leaf, a habit peculiar as far as I have seen to this
subfamily, all other Butterflies when settled remain quite still till they
take their next flight.
Abisara fylla, Doubleday, Hewitson.
Dodona ouida, Moore.
Family LYCH NIDA.
166. Spalgis epius, Westwood.
Both sexes at low elevation in forest.
167. Pithecops hylax, Fabricius,
Females only at low elevations in deep forest. They agree with
Horsfield’s description of the species rather than with P. dharma, Moore,
from Ceylon, or P. zalmora, Butler, recorded from the N.-W. Himalayas.
Curetis bulis, Doubleday, Hewitson.
Common at low elevation.
Cyaniris puspa, Horsfield.
The Lampides puspa of my first list.
168. Niphanda tessellata, Moore.
One female at about 1,500 feet elevation. It is rather smaller than
the specimen described by Mr. Moore from Penang, and the upperside is
entirely unglossed with blue.
169. Zizera maha, Kollar.
Common amongst grass from 1,500 to 4,000 feet elevation,
:
62 L. de Nicéville—Second List of Butterflies [No. 2,
*Zizera sangra, Moore.
The Polyommatus sangra of my former paper.
* Castalius rosimon, Fabricius.
Placed under the genus Lampides in my former paper.
Castalius decidia, Hewitson,
Placed under Lampides previously.
Everes parrhasius, Fabricius.
Placed under Lampides previously.
170. Jamides bochus, Cramer.
One male at 3,000 feet elevation.
Lycenesthes bengalensis, Moore.
Placed under Pseudodipsas in former list. :
171. Lycenesthes lycenina, Felder.
Two males, agreeing with the description of the species by Mr. Moore
in his “ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” page 87, except in the absence on the
upperside of the hindwing of the “ indistinct dusky spots with whitish
outer border from anal angle.”’
172. Nacaduba macrophthalma, Felder.
One male at low elevation.
Nacaduba ardates, Moore.
This species appeared under the genus Lampides in my former list.
* Catochrysops strabo, Fabricius.
The Lampides kandarpa of my former paper.
173. Catochrysops pandava, Horsfeld.
At low elevation.
174. Polyommatus beticus, Linneus.
Common at low elevations.
Lampides elianus, Fabricius.
Lampides elpis, Godart.
Lampides’ malaya, Horsfield.
Tlerda epicles, Godart.
*Ilerda androcles, Doubleday, Hewitson.
175. Ilerda brahma, Moore.
Both sexes common from 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation. The female
differs from the male in having none of the brilliant gold colour on the
upperside, but has an oblong patch of orange on the disc of the forewing.
Underside as in male.
176. Horaga ciniata, Hewitson.
One male at 1,500 feet elevation.
* Deudorix petosiris, Hewitson.
177. Virachola perse, Hewitson.
A single female was taken by a Lepcha.
1882. ] taken in Sikkim in October. 63
178. Aphneus lohita, Horsfield.
One male at low elevation.
* Aphneus syama, Horsfield.
179. Camena ctesia, Hewitson.
One male was taken at 1,500 feet elevation sucking up moisture on
damp sand on the brink of a mountain stream.
Hypolycena erylus, Godart.
180. Hypolycena othona, Hewitson,
One male taken on the banks of a stream sucking up moisture from
wet sand.
Hypolycena etolus, Fabricius.
Both sexes taken. Common at about 2,000 feet elevation.
181. Tolaus anysis, Hewitson.
One male taken by a Lepcha at low elevation.
182. Cheritra acte, Moore.
One female at about 3,000 feet elevation.
183. Loxura atymnus, Cramer.
Common amongst clumps of bamboos.
Surendra quercetorum, Moore.
Nilasera centaurus, Fabricius.
Common. This species appeared in my first list under the generic
name Arhopala.
184. Nilasera eumolphus, Cramer.
One male taken by a Lepcha.
185. Amblypodia paraganesa, n. sp.
(Amblypodia ganesa, Hewitson, nec Moore.)
I propose the name paraganesa for the species figured by Hewitson in
his ‘Cat. Lycenide Brit. Mus., pl. vii, fig. 72, under the name ganesa, as
it differs entirely from the A. ganesa of Moore which occurs in the N.-W
Himalayas ; the hindwing is tailed, and the markings of the underside are
quite different.
One male taken at about 3,000 feet elevation.
Family PAPILIONIDA.
Subfamily PreRinaz.
*Nychitona xiphia, Fabricius.
The Pontia xiphia of my first list.
Terias hecabe, Linneus,
186. TZerias harina, Horsfield.
187. Oatopsilia catilla, Cramer.
188. Cutopsilia crocale, Cramer.
Catopsilia pyranthe, Linnzus.
ees L. de Nicéville—Second List of Butterflies [No. 2,
Ixias evippe, Drury.
Hebomoia glaucippe, Linneus.
Appias hippo, Cramer. —
Catophaga indra, Moore.
The Zuchyris indra of my former list.
Huphina nadina, Lueas.
The Pieris nadina of my first list.
Huphina nerissa, Fabricius.
Papilio amasena, Cramer, pl. xliv, fig. A, g.
This is the Pieris nerissa of my former list.
Mancipium canidia, Sparrman.
Common amongst gardens at about 4,000 fect elevation. Previously
recorded under the genus Pzeris.
Nepheronia avatar, Moore.
The Eronia avatar of my first list.
Delias pasithoé, Linneus.
189. Delias thysbe, Cramer.
Delias agostina, Hewitson.
190. Prioneris thestylis, Doubleday.
191. Dereas verhuellii, van der Hoeven.
One male only was taken by a Lepcha.
Subfamily Paprironty #.
Papilio (Ornithoptera) pompeus, Cramer.
Not uncommon at low elevations.
* Papilio (Byasa) philoxenus, Gray.
Gray first named this species, not Westwood as stated in my first
paper, though the latter figured it.
192. Papilio (Byasa) dasarada, Moore.
Frequently seen sailing over the tea gardens.
Papilio (Achillides) paris, Linneus.
Papilio (Dalchina) sarpedon, Linnzus.
Papilio (Zetides) agamemnon, Linnzus,
193. Papilio (Orpheides) ertthonius, Cramer.
Papilio (Oharus) helenus, Linneus.
Papilio (Laertias) polytes, Linneus,
Papilio (Menelaides) aristolochie, Fabricius.
Papilio (Iliades) androgeus, Cramer.
Papilio astorion, Westwood.
Family HESPERIIDA.
194. Choaspes harisa, Moore.
Common at low elevations.
1882,) ° taken in Sikkin in October. 65
*Ohoaspes benjamini, Guérin.
*Choaspes amara, Moore.
These two last species were placed under Jsmene in my first list,
195. Hasora badra, Moore.
At low elevations.
Astictopterus diocles, Moore.
196. Telegonus thrax, Linnzus.
One specimen was taken by a Lepcha.
197. Baoris oceia, Hewitson.
One pair taken at a low elevation.
Suastus eltola, Hewitson.
The Hesperia eltola of my first paper.
198. Suwastus toona, Moore.
Common.
Parnara colaca, Moore.
This is the Hesperia chaya of my first list.
Telicota bambuse, Moore.
The Pamphila augias of my first paper.
Padraona dara, Kollar.
The Pamphila mesa of my first paper.
* Padraona gola, Moore.
The Pamphila gala of my first paper.
? Halpe zema, Hewitson.
? Halpe homolea, Hewitson.
My Sikkim specimens agree exactly with the figure and description of
this species, the type of which came from Singapore. It is the Hesperiila
luteisquama of my first list.
Tagiades menaka, Moore.
Common at low elevations. This species appeared under the genus
Pierygospidea in my first list.
%
199. Tagiades gana, Moore.
Sarangesa dasahara, Moore.
The Zagiades dasahara of my first list.
200. Udaspes folus, Cramer.
One male at a low elevation.
Plesioneura alysos, Moore.
Plesioneura sumitra, Moore.
201. ? Isoteinon cephala, Hewitson.
Two males taken at alow elevation. Flight very swift, but settles
frequently on an outer leaf of a bush.
202. Parnara assamensis, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville.
This species will be fully described hereafter, but it may be briefly
66 L. de Nicéville—Second List of Sikkim Butterflies. [No. 2,
characterised as follows:—Forewing with ten spots (sometimes eleven in
the female), v7z., two oblong at the end of the cell, disjunct in the male,
but connected at their inner and opposite ends in the female, three apical,
and five discal in the male (sometimes six in the female) forming an oblique
series extending from the submedian nervure to the discoidal nervule in the
male (but sometimes to the subcostal nervure or first discoidal nervule in
the female) of which spots the first is subtriangular, touches the submedian
nervure and is subequal to the fourth, the second in the same space with
the first, is equal to the first subapical, and lies close to, but does not touch,
the first median nervule, the third the largest of all, is equal to or rather
larger than the first and fourth put together, and acute angled at its outer
end, the fourth is rhomboidal, the fifth rather larger than the second and the
sixth sometimes present in the female is shaped somewhat like one of the
strokes of a section sign (§). Hindwing above with a small oval discal
spot sometimes accompanied by a very minute dot in front of the third
median nervule, On the underside of this wing there are four or five discal
spots. Wings above and below rich dark vandyke brown, the spots lustrous,
semitransparent white. Expanse 2’2 to 2°4 inches,
Nisionades salsala, Moore.
203. Thanaos stigmata, Moore.
One female at 3,000 feet elevation. -
*Satarupa bhagava, Moore.
*? Hesperia semamora, Moore.
Since the publication of my first paper, Mr. Moore in his “ Lepidoptera
of Ceylon” and elsewhere has defined many new genera and altered the
-synonomy of several species, all of which I have tentatively adopted here:
This will account for the frequent changes in nomenclature that I have
been obliged to make in this list,
——-
JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
—_—_@--~-
Part II.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
——V—~e~er*s)sdMPsPY< neers Pe _ eee
No. 1V.—1882.
——_ ore
X.—A new Species of Hipparchia (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera) from the
N. W. Himalayas.—By Mason G, F. L. Marsuacn, R. EB.
[Received 12th December 1882; Read January 3rd, 1883,]
Hipparchia digna, sp. n.
UprersivE brown, with a broad weil defined submarginal fulvous
band bearing a single subapical black spot on the forewing and none on
the hindwing; the band outwardly defined by a dark lunulate line, and
further removed from the margin than in any other Indian Hipparchia,
leaving a broader brown border to the wing. Unpersrpe forewing ful-
vous, the band of the upperside outwardly distinctly defined by a dark
dentate line, inwardly faintly defined except near the costa, ochreous at
the costa and inner margins; the black subapical spot of the upperside
but with a distinct white pupil; the inner margin dark brown, the outer
and costal margins very pale brown, mottled throughout with dark brown,
and on the costa with irregular brown striw, extending into the cell.
Hindwing pale whitish brown clouded with brown and mottled throughout
with darker brown; the band of the upperside but inwardly whitish,
outwardly clouded with brown, and defined on both sides by dark dentate
lines; also a subbasal dark line between which and the band the ground
colour is darker, forming an inner dark band.
This species was found by Major J. Biddulph on the Shandur plateau
in Northern Kashmir and only two specimens were taken, both females.
This makes the tenth species of the genus known to occur in the
N. W. Himalayas ; and strangely enough out of the ten, in four cases
10
68 H. H. Godwin-Austen—Wotes on and Drawings of the [No. 4,
only the females aré known, and in the fifth the male has only recently
been discovered.
—
XI.—No. 2. Notes on and Drawings of the animais of various Indian
Land Mollusca (Pulmonifera).—By Lr.-Con. H. H. Gopwin-AvUstTEN,
F. RB. S.,.F. Z.8., &o;
(With Plate V.)
[Received December 15th, 1882 ;—Read January 3rd, 1883. ]
In continuation of a former contribution, I now forward another
lithographed Plate from the original Drawings left to us by Ferd.
Stoliczka. I only trust that they may lead some of our members to look
more closely at the animals of the Land Shells of their districts, or collect
them in spirits for the Museum in Calcutta, where they are sure to be
sooner or later fully examined and described. In some parts of the coun-
try, and particularly during the rains, they may be found with very little
search. The Slugs are quite unknown from many parts of India.
One object in publishing these drawings is to bring about a more
natural and accurate classification of the Indian Helicide, and I would
here refer to Mr. W. T. Blanford’s continuation of the “ Contributions
to Indian Malacology” No. XII:* All Indian conchologists will be glad
to peruse it, for no one possesses greater knowledge of the subject, than
the author ef that work, and I trust is will be followed by other parts ;
it carries me back to the time when I first collected for him, Henry Blan-
ford and Ferd. Stoliczka, and the many pleasant hours passed in their
society. I quite agree with what Mr. Blanford has written concerning
classification in pages 184 and 185, particularly as to the importance of
the sections Helicarion, Macrochlamys, Ariophanta, Euplecta, &c. The
rules of Nomenclature must be adhered to quite as much in Conchology as
in other branches of Natural History. The genus Ariophanta was created
in 1829, vide my last paper in this Journal, and therefore it takes prece-
dence of Wanina by 5 years, and can be used exactly in the same sense as
Nanina, which, as Mr. Blanford truly remarks, “is utterly bad, it offends
“every law, the name had been previously used by Risso, the type is the
“same as that of Benson’s genus, Jacrochlamys, and the term is objec-
“ tionable on account of its signification.” I am inclined therefore to
adopt it for all species that up to the present time are known only super-
ficially, (1) by the shell, and (2) the animal possessing a mucous gland at the
extremity of the foot. -Ariophanta will eventually, when the anatomy of
all are known, and their sub-generic value established, be retained for A.
levipes, and its allies.
* J. A.8. B., Vol. XLIX, Part II, p. 181.
>
lwin-Austen Jour Asiat. Soc. Bengal. Plate
:
1 | (ra!
ther e
INDIAN LAND SHE
4. Godwin-Austen, del. et lith Maclure & Macdonald Inip
‘Ss
a
og
aX
-
ae
i , ae
.
a
1882.] animals of various Indian Lind Mollusca (Pulmonifera). 69
OXYTES BLANFORDI. Theobald. Plate V, fig. 1.
[Darjiling] (Stol. MS. drawing. No. 47.)
Vide Nevill’s Handlist (1878) p. 48. No. 265, as Hemiplecta ?
For notes on this genus vide last paper, J. A. 8. B. Vol. XLIX, L880,
-p. 151.
Oxytes, KoonpArnsts (Juv.?) W. BIf. Plate V, fig. 2.
[ ? Young Kunderensis.] Stol. MS. Drawings, fig. 4.
“ Botanical Gardens, Calcutta.”’
“Dull white, pinkish on neck and end of foot, small horn, sole not
furrowed”’ (Stol.).
Nanina Koondaensis, W. Blf. J. A. S. B. (1870), p. 16, Plate IIT, fig
12. from Sispara in Koonda Hills. South India. The young specimen now
figured is referred to, as probably imported with plants from South India.
It is said to be allied to N. endica, Pfr. and WV. Shiplayi, Pfr. I would remark
that this species measures when fully grown 25:0 mm. in major diam.
The drawing which is natural size is only 12:0, and possesses 5 whorls, which
is the same number as in adult shell. There is certainly wrong identi-
fication here. 1t has more the appearance of young serrula, Bs. a Khasi
Hill form.
MacROcHLAMYS TUGURIUM, Bs.
“ Tuguriwm, Bs.” Plate V, fig. 4.
[“ Darjiling.” (Stol).] fig. 22 of MSS. Drawings.
In pencil by G. Nevill. “ Rotula fide Stol.”
‘Nevill’s Handlist (1878) p. 30, No. 94, as Nanina. The animal is
described from this drawing as follows: “Tail very pointedly truncate
with a nearly upright alae d large horn-like projection above; body of
an earthy brown colour.”
From the position in which this has been drawn, it would be ee
to see either of the shell lobes. A specimen of tuguriwm, from Darjiling in
spirit given me by Mr. W. T. Blanford, proved to belong to Macrochla-
mys. Fig. 46 of these drawings, would represent this species, for the shell
lobes are delineated, Mr. Nevill has written over this maznwaringiana in
pencil; it is very different from fig. 21, also bearing this MS title.
Bensonia (?) .MAINWaARINGI, G. Nevill, MS.
Plate V, fig. 3.
[“‘ Darjiling, Zubrica ?” (Stol.)] fig. 21 of the MS. Drawings.
‘This is the species referred to in Nevill’s Handlist, 1878, p. 49.
No. 272, under Nanina (Bensonia?) n. sp. with the following note:
“Perhaps better classed near WV. ¢uguriwm. From a drawing of Dr.
70 H. H. Godwin-Austen—Woles on and Drawings of the [No. 4,
“‘ Stoliczka’s the animal appears to be of a brick red colour, witha pointedly
“ truncate tail and remarkably developed nearly vertical horn above,—20 sp.
“ Darjiling, coll. Dr. F. Stoliczka and Col. G. B. Mainwaring.” In the
MS. book of Drawings, Mr. Nevill has written in pencil, “This is not
Macro. lubrica ? is it Mainwaring: or an ally ? It is a species of Rotula,
fide Stol.”
Sub-Geuus RHYSSOTA, Albers, Die Heliam, p. 61, (1850).
Type WV. ovwm, from Luzon.
RAYssoTA CONFERTA, Pfr. Plate V, fig. 6.
[“‘ Haughtont. Andamans. Animal dark brown reddish at the pedi-
“cles. Mantle thick, greyish brown, freckled with white, body very rough,
“ look like shielded ? (s¢c) pedal row very distinct and the elongated tuber-
“cles whitish, basal edge pale greyish brown. ‘Tail gland distinct sur-
“rounded by a swollen edge.” (Stol.)]. Fig. 88 (uncoloured) of MSS.
Drawings.
Nevill’s Handlist (1878), p. 46, places it in the Sub-genus Rhyssota,
which I follow until an anatomical comparison shall be made with
R. ovum the type of the genus by Albers. Nevill says (1. c.) “The
‘‘animal very closely resembles that of WV. ligulata,* in a less degree V,
“ orobia the tail of which is less truncate &c., and some species of Ario-
“phanta.”
H. conferta, Pfr. P. Z.S. p. 828 (1856). Hab.? type in Brit. Mus.
Compared with Andaman specimens by Mr. Edgar Smith and myself.
HI, haughtom, Bs. A. M. N. H. Vol. XI, p. 87, (1863).
H. chambertinit, Tryon, Amer. J. Conch. Pt. II, Vol. V, p. 109, Pl.
X, fig 2 (1869).
As Ruysota haughtoni by Theobald in Sup. Cat. Cone. Ind. (1876),
p. 23.
EUPLECTA ORNATISSIMA, Bs. Plate V, fig. 8.
[Darjiling (Stol.)] Fig. 50 of MSS, Drawings.
Placed in Sec. B of Machrochlamys by Theobald—but it has no
shell lobes to the mantle. It is no doubt a close ally of HL. vidua, Blanford,
described in J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 190, where he shows (taking subopaca from
Ceylon as the type) how very similar if is in the odontophore and form of
the animal to that species.
To the list of species of Huplecta given on page 193, should be added
partita, Pfr. from Ceylon, and I would add also camura, Bs. Darjiling ;
tugurium, Bs, has I find from a spirit specimen give me by Mr. Blanford,
shell lobes to the mantle, and will therefore come into the sub-genus
Macrochlamys.
* Vide J. A. 8, B. (1880) Pl, XI, fig. 3,
a
4 < = =
*%
-1882.} animals of various Indian Land Mollusca (Pulmonifera). 71
Eupiecta ? camMuURA. Plate V, fig. 5.
(Not named) [“ Darjiling, Stol.”] fig. 49 of MSS. Drawings,
In pencil by Nevill. “1 think WV. camura.”’
In Nevill’s Handlist, (1878) p 380, No. 95. Nanina camura, Benson.
*¢ Animal ashy-grey, no projecting lobe above the caudal gland ; sole doubly
“and broadly margined. This mollusk precisely resembles NV. andica, to
which it is evidently closely allied” [W. T. B.] 15, Darjiling, coll. Dr. F.
Stoliezka and Col. G. Mainwaring.
“1. Darjiling 7000 ft. Dr. F. Stolicezka.
“Ina drawing which I take to be of this species there is a pointed horn-
“like projection on the lobe above the mucous gland not so large, however,
“asin LV. tugurium ; the tail is also more abruptly truncated.” This last
description no doubt refers to this drawing fig 49, and William Blanford’s
description from life does not at all agreeas regards the horn above the
mucous gland, and we therefore cannot be at all certain what species has
been drawn.
EvupLecta ? crosset, Pfr. Plate V, fig. 10.
[No Genus, “ Crossed, Singapur,” Stol.] Fig. 34 of MSS, Drawings.
Nevill’s description of animal is probably taken from this drawing.
Handlist (1878) p. 32, No, 111, as Nanina crosset, Pfr.
“Tail abruptly truncate, gland relatively rather small, surrounded
“ with a broad swollen margin ; it is evidently congeneric with WV. ligu-
“ lata, the animal of which it closely resembles,’’ 20 sp. from Sinkip Island
ex, col. J. Wood-Mason, 20 sp. “‘ Singapur, coll. Dr. F. Stoliczka.”’
Evrrecta? Plate V, fig. 7.
[Pedina but query. Bombay (Stol).] Fig. 31 of MSS, Drawings,
Evrrrecta? Species unknown. Plate V, fig. 9.
[Kandale, Stol.] Fig, 18 of MSS. Drawings.
Is this Khandala, Bombay? This carefully executed drawing repre-
sents a very remarkable species. The very yellow colouring being character-
istic and the mucous gland peculiar in form, there being scarcely any over-
hanging lobe. It may be related to pedina, if from the Bombay slde.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Oxytes blanfordi, Theobald.
Do. koondaensis, W. Ble.
Rotula mainwaringi, G. Nevill MS.
Macrochiumys tugurium, Benson.
' Euplecta camura, Benson,
Rhyssota conferta, Pfr.
Euplecta ? pedina,
Fig
2 ee ee
72 H.F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. [No. 4,
8. uplecta ornatissima, Benson.
9. Do. unknown.
10. Do. crosset, Pfr.
XII.—Some further results of sun-thermometer observations with reference
to atmospheric absorption and the supposed variation of the solar heat.
—By Henry F. Buayrorp, F. R. 8., Meteorological Reporter to the
Government of India.
[Received 28th December, 1882.]
In 1875, I read a paper before the Society, in which I discussed the
temperatures observed with the sun-thermometer, at eleven Indian stations,
during the years 1868-1874, and arrived at the conclusion that the solar
heat had undergone a rapid increase from 1868 to 1871, and a less rapid
decline afterwards, up to 1874, . ;
The data were discussed according to various methods, but that on
which I chiefly relied, as taking count of the largest amount of data, and
being the best calculated to exclude the disturbing influence of atmospheric
variation, was to select days on which there was either no cloud, or on
which the cloud canopy, on the average of the 10 a. M. and 4 P. m. observa-
tions, did not exceed one-fifth of the sky expanse; and having taken the
monthly averages of all the sun-thermometer readings on such days, to
compare these averages for homonymous months at each station, in each
pair of consecutive years. The months June, July, August and September
were excluded from this comparison, inasmuch as, at nearly all the stations,
the registers of which were discussed, these months are too cloudy to fur-
nish a sufficient number of available readings. For the remaining months,
the mean progressive variation of all the stations was taken, for each pair
of years; and finally, the mean of the eight months gave the adopted varia- .
tion for the consecutive years. :
In order to ensure that such comparison should be valid, the investi-
gation was restricted to stations, at which the same instrument had been
in use in each pair of years compared, exposed in the same way, and on
the same site. The curve of annual variation, resulting from these data,
coincided, in a marked manner, with the sun-spot curve; but, in reality,
striking as it was, this result was vitiated by errors from two sources, both
of which tended to disturb and diminish the coincidence. One of these
was the inclusion of the Silchar registers, which, as I afterwards discovered,
had not been kept under similar conditions throughout ; so that those of
all the earlier years gave too low a temperature ; and hence a marked énerease
of insolation temperature, shewn by this station in the later years, (when,
according to the general result, that temperature was falling,) was not real.
The other, the effect of which was however small, was an error of method:
© EE ~
1882] H.F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. 73
the figures discussed were the actual readings of the sun-thermometers,
readings which notoriously depend, not only on the intensity of the sun,
but also on the temperature of the air; and it has been shewn by Koppen
and others, that there is a cyclical variation of air temperature, of the
opposite character to that disclosed in the curve, resulting from the regis- .
ters of insolation temperatures. Hence it is at least probable that, the
deduction of the air temperatures, and the discussion of the residual excess
of temperature due to the solar action would have resulted in a curve of
the same type, and of still greater amplitude.
Since this paper was published, I have attempted to carry on the
comparison of the insolation temperatures, from year to year, by a rough
and ready method; but as I am now convinced, one of very precarious
validity. In the first place, all sun-thermometers are compared before
being issued, with a common standard, by actual exposure to the sun, side
by side, for 30 or 40 days, and their registers are corrected for the differ-
ences thus determined. All readings are recorded as excess temperatures
(above those of the maximum thermometer in the shade), and in order to
avoid the tedious process of picking out days of comparative clearness, I
have taken simply the highest difference recorded at each station in each
month, and the average of all these monthly maxima, as representing the
solar intensity for the year. ‘This method is, however, open to many objec-
tions, which I need not here specify; and I have therefore now reverted to
my former method, (with one essential improvement), as the only one
which is calculated to yield any trustworthy information, on the question
of the supposed variation of the solar heat.
In the present paper, which is to be regarded only as a first instalment,
I have taken the registers of eight stations, representing a great variety of
climates, and which fulfil the three essential conditions, that the register of
each station is that of the same instrument throughout ; that it is exposed
in the same manner, and also at the same place. Those of one and the
same station are therefore as rigorously comparable in consecutive years,
as can be ensured by the ordinary arrangements of our observations. The
selected readings are those of days, on which the average estimated cloud
at 10 4. mM. and 4p. m. did not exceed oneefifth of the sky expanse; and
the figures compared, are those of the excess temperature, shewn by de-
ducting the self-registered maximum shade temperature, for each day, from
the reading of the masimum black-bulb thermometer in vacuo,* on the
same day. It is unnecessary to give these first results in extenso. As an
example of the data thus obtained for one year at a single station, I
reproduce the following, which is a fair specimen of the whole:
* Except in the case of Vizagapatam, where the thermometer is not enclosed in an
exhausted tube,
74 H. F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. [No. 4,
TaBLEe I.—Observed differences of shaded and exposed (blackened bulb in
vacuo) maximum thermometers, and cloud proportion, at Allahabad
during the year 1878 on clear days.
Means.
JANUARY. FEBRUARY. Marcu. APRIL May
Cloud | £8] Cloud | & &] Cloud | £8] Cloud | £8] Cloua | £8
Propor- as Propor- aS Propor- aS Propor- aS Propor- as
tion. | oS] tio. | oZ tion. | OU] tion oS] tion 53
~ ~~ ~ ~ +»
5 ott ae a Pe mn
© M as Q o- nN os wn os a iow
s © lion lien) § 3 fioh.ien! & 3 fion.tish| $ 3 fon lien! 3 3
1 0; O}| 63:1] ... 0} O| 64-2 BB AD cna face ana
21501 0} GEOL. 0 | 0 | GaBReO | 0 | 642 coe Doves | one
3 0} 0 |: 650]... . fe 0 O | 52°6] ... var. t Hae :
4\ 0) 01 6G48f.0). 0.) 59°41 0). 0) 6Y8].. 0 }.,0
of aes pe os Oy} 4) GEER 0). 0) Gr'4 | Pe aes ;
6)40 | 0 | 6G297..: |... . O48 EZ Oh
(Bee ce are Kailas op oa 0 1. 2b26) .. mee On £ :
8, 1] 0 | G42)... | >. ai Oo 2) Oat iyo |. sas Orie eee isk
ON oe tae Ses, a ere 3 0| O|} 63°8 0\''@ :
10 a cre eT phe 0) O | 61°3 3 0 :
11 ‘tues ee Sn ee i Ot. 1 poe Oa :
12 o oes OF (0: |*70e 04 T | GOOR +. 1S: , Oe ie ,
13 sald tats ee 0.|. ON bisies 1 0 | 59°44 .. oe soot ieee RY
14 eee 1). 0 | SieeeO |) 4) GOST us.) un sie, Mo wae | cake ;
15 ' 0O|\ 0 | 596m 2) 2 | 595] ... ; rm ae ‘
16. |) 0 154°} 600105), 2 6h BaRa ..:.. das 04.0 ;
ee, : cae Oe Oo) SOE... hase 04100 .
lc Renae : ed Oh 2 SDS : a 07.0 :
19.4(.4144 0.) 607 a : ote og Ee : 07°. .
20 see * vee coe eee ee eee 1) y is
TA 4 0 4 OOZES, | oes Re! | eae er “ee eres peer coo | es
re Po soe std 0; O| 61°6 DY i Vie
23 bes A ake ee CR coc) ae AR ie eS: 5) PO Bg oem, 9 10 oa :
24: fl Baee UE Mie 8 es 4) (ROM ares ia Pattie th ace We OR ae
20) iss o oo 2 ees ee ARS Oe ile en
Oe ee : : oak yes Uospan zen 0 0 ‘
24) Ml acres ; aes a nace: Wt vais : oe ee
28 | ice 5 see 0} O'} S50 ... he a % oy ‘
29/} O|} O| 594 ge 0; O|} 583 ; 0| O :
30} O| O|} 62:5 a O| O} 58:4 : > 1.0 ’
381| 4! O|} 642 O|} 2| 584] . = a | 0 12) 5
: aye: | Mee eee fe OS: Meme meer par cde), Mr mses fee "Gi ew | aes :
* There seems no reason to question this reading. A little rain had fallen the
previous evening.
JUNE. SEPTEMBER. OcToBER. NovEMBER. DECEMBER.
i 1882.] H. F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. 75
Cloud | &.8] Cloud | £8] Cloud | £8] Cloud | §.8] Cloud | & 8
, Propor- a8 Propor- as Propor- a8 Propor- as Propor- Fh g
tion. oS tion. o's tion. oy tion. oS tion. oy
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
| ; Aa fA m- a 7
4 2 oD oD oD oo oo
4G |lOhj16éh/ 2 3 flohji6éh| 2 5 floh|16h| ¢ 3 lOh 16h) FS floh|6h| Fs
ca) es <3 ad aT; SP
1|} O| O| 57-4 i ae . | 0! 1/640] 0! O| 590
| O} O| 64:5 LO eee + .. | 0} 0| 60:3] 0} O| 601
3| 0} O| 643 Sok ns Poet (Ga Ooby O:|- 41-38. . 2 17.6 | 5o5
4/ 0!] 0| 536 . | 21 0] 58-4 eS 0} 2] 59°4
5! 0O| 0] 539 2 Ler 16 ? ad 21 0 ?
6| 0! 0O| 53-7 .. | O| O| 558
a) OP Ft '53°3 . 0} O|} 561
8| 0! 0O| 53-4 cep Of}. OO) S56R or fr of of soe
eee 2 he 2, .. | O| 0] 566] O| 0] 588] 0| O| 58-6
1} 0} 4!| 585 .. | O| O|] 5711 O| O| 5951 O| O| 58-7
11 / 4] 0| 63-4 ..{ 0} 0| 576] 0] O|} 581] O| 0} 629
12} O| 2| 521 . | O| 0/| 5741 0} 0] 598] 0} 0] 62-9
IS See oe . 1 0} 0/589! O| O|] 586] O| O| 61-1
14/} 0| 2] 540 ge, Bes | GEE SOR SS On.BF SE: Ol (0 | 68-9
mae | lk Met ital lack Ol (6 P69 Sr..0s) 0.) 644
16} 0] 0| 514 eo NP LB es 1s OF OP ORC O | 0K) 64
7) 0| 4| 539 .. | 1| 1/ 61:2] 0] 4! 606] 0} 0} 608
i re hoe io | SBOn Ls TS 218 Oa ees
19| O| 4] 548 sa Oe) COUP BOR. PA. ORO) FOr ees
- ES es a) 30M SRB FSP et 8. ea ee ree eke
21| 0|} 0O| 50-9 . | O| 0] 567] O}| O| 59:2] O| 0! 644
0 \ A .. | O] 0] 5761 0}] 0] 595] 0] O| 648
23 i . | O| 0} 5907 O| Of 55:2] 0} O| 651
24 1|} 2/667] 0} 0/595] 3] 0/} 606] 0] 0O| 63-0
25 . | c.f O}| 01 59:4f 0! 0} 600] 0} O| 619
26 : .1| 0] 0/|] 601] 0} O|] 613] 05 0O| 68:1
27 ve | oe | O] O| 6CO57 O| O| GOO] O| O| 63:5
28 «41 O} OVGEVSE LP} Oo) 597|° 0 | O!| 640
29 ; oS) 666) v.44. | 0! 1/664) 0] oO | 62:8
30 ie ok) Seer OF 1 Ga2r 0 | 0 |60-6
31 : et Pager ae
; ae
é | | 53:6 i af 58 3 | | 603 | four
Peshawar, being situated in a very dry region, affords sufficient com-
parable observations for every month of the year ; Jessore and other stations,
within the reach of the heavy monsoon rains, do not afford a sufficient
number of valid observations from June to September, and these months
are accordingly excluded. Allahabad and Sirsa hold an intermediate place.
The mean value for each month of each year, obtained from such
data as the above, is given in the following Table (II) for each station
separately.
11
76 4H. F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. [No. 4,
Taste II1.—Monthly mean values of the excess of sun over shade tempera-
tures at eight stations.
i B | 8
a/ 81a] ¢
2 5 © ®
ais |6 | 8
9) o Zi om)
(| 1875 | 843] 38-1} 81:2| 29:1] 25°4) |. 27°6| 31:0| 36°4
A 76 | 34-6| 373] 31:0] 268] 297] ... a 31:3| 35°7| 326
g| 77 | 282| 27-1] 276) 28:1] 28:5] ... ‘3 28'3| 32:4) 322
8 78 | 82:6| 23-9] 21°7| 22°6| 21:0]... x 27°9| 32°8| 318
a 79 | 800] 28:1] 26:1) 21:9} 23-4]... 263) 26:0| 27°8
& 80 | 25:0| 25°8| 223] 20:8} 21°8| .. . we | 26°7| 28°3| 270
i 81 | 26:1| 24-9} 22:1] 20°8| 21°3] .. i ove | 28:9]. 27° | BRT
Mean | 30°1| 292| 26°0} 243) 24°4 soe). ape | BEL). 20% | BE
f 1876 | ? P P | 59°6} 59°5 see | vee } 66°5| 68:9) 65-2
77 | 648 631 597) 60°5| 59:9 a 2 57°3| 48-7
78 | 507| 60:3} 536, 56°8| 56:1 i ... | 602] 59°7| 61:4
4
58'8| 56:9} 53°8| 52:0} 53:1
66°5| 57:1| 53°7| 53°7| 55°2
548 | 543} 52°9) 53°9| 523
57 6| 59°4| 58-2
602) 599) 55:8
561) 57:1\ 55:7
Sironcha.
571! 66°3| 547) 56:1) 56:0
? P ee ? 4
62°8| 63:°9| 62°5| 62°0| 60°0
62:°0| 62°7) 61:4} 60:1) 591
58:3| 60:1| 58:2) 56°4| 548
57:0| 56°7) 55°2| 54:5} 64°8
55'8| 568] 566} 562 | 54°7
ww. | 601) 604) 57°5
ai vs . | 61°6| 61:4, 61°7
+s ae .. | 604) 599) 638
s 57:0| 55°4) 585
ans .. | 57°9| 56°7| 56°6
sine we | 65°7) 559} 55°7
oe | 667) 55°9| 55:8
Bombay.
59:0} 60:0) 58°8| 57°8) 56°7
? ? ? e ?
55'0| 55'7| 55°0| 53:4) 54°3
54°9| 57°8| 57°0| 543) 53:1
56°0| 58°9| 52°2) 53°5| 56°9
w. J 68:2) 57-5} 58:6
56°7| 56°5| 546
... | 640] 58°2] 60-0
~~ | 699) Soy ore
-- | 565] 576) 551
Jessore.
55°3| 55°8| 54°7| 53°7| 548
p ? if ? P
54°1| 55:2} 56:0) 55°0| 56°6
58°8| 57°6| 56:4) 60°4| 56°7
59.3| 57:0} 56:7
57°5| 55°2| 54°4
59°2| 576| 58:2
57°7| 557) 549
Hazaribagh,
——A_ eee, Ne, eo eee a
5
9
5
a
es)
~T
Or
i
a ene
78 | 57-0| 541] 55:3} 55°8| 58-0 58°8| 57°8) 57-2
49 | 66:5| 579) 57-0) ? ?
Mean | 566} 562| 56:2| 57:1] 57-1 | 58:3] 56°6| 56°2
1876 | 62°6| 62 2| 600| 565] 52:6) 53-1 . | 59:0! 596] 611
, 77 | 59°5| 63:2} 597] 58°3| 561] 53-2 ... | 58°5| 58°6| 605
€ 78 | 624| 60°8| 61:3] 60°4| 58 4] 536 . ». | 583) 603] 61-7
— 79 | 60°7 | 60 4| 59°8| 58°5| 57-9] 56:8 oo. see) O88 | GOS GR
S 80 | 59°5| 603] 56:4] 55°8| 581] 57:3] 57:0; 58:1] £7°7
- 81 | 588) 57:4) 58°0| 563] 56:4] 588
Mean es fe: 59:2) 576] 566] 55°5| 1. | we | oe | 585) 69°41 603
F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer.
1882.] H. 77
1877 .. ) 64:0) 61°6| 61°7| 61:2) 57:0) 56:1| ... | 57:5) 59°8| 67-9| 5993
78 | 61:4| 63°5| 62°7| 64:2] 61:0] 56:9| 57:8 ... | 59°2| 593] 60°0| 607
a 79 | 61:3| 622] 63°6] 62°6| 61:5| 56°8| 59:9) ... | 60°5| 58°7| 62°2| 60°0
4 80 | 60°'1| 60°2| 61:9} 61°9| 60°4| 57°9| 59°8 .. | 62°4| 599] 58°7) 69°1
a 81 | 610! 61:9| 66°6| 63:2} 60°5| 59°4) 63°3 62°1| 588] 60-7} 59°0
Mean | 60°9| 62'4|,63°3| 62°7| 609| 57°6| 59:4) ... | 60°38!) 59°3| 59:9] 59°6
ra H Pe
% Po * 2 | 2 2
f | a |. | ee; 2/4818
PLS ETE el] g lS] el e]3 78] 8
(2)
Sins <q a | & 5 <q nm }|o 7; a
1877 |... | 63:6! 658] 640] 61-6! 58-6| 57-4| 57-2! 577| 587| 58:8| 58-0
re 78 | 59:9| 61-9| 611] 61-6] 589) 52°5| 48:8) 487| 54-6] 55°7| 649) 55-1
s 79 | 561| 59:2| 62°7| 55°5| 48-9] 47-3| 46-9] 50°6| 53-5] 53-2] 53°5| 53-5
4 80 | 57°5| 649| 596| 60-2) 55°7| 51:3) 505] 548) 57-8| 58-4) 552] 57-2
2 || 81 | 58-4| 61:4| 645| 62°6| 55°9| 48-0| 50:2] 56-9] 56-7) 55°1| 53-1] 50°8
Ay
[ Mean | 58 0| 62°2| 62°6| 60°8| 56‘2| 51°6| 50°4! 53°6| 54:9] 562) 55:1] 549
It is evident, on a simple inspection of the above table, that the
intensity of the insolation, on days apparently equally clear, undergoes
a distinct annual variation. And moreover, that this variation is not
determined by the thickness of the atmosphere traversed by the sun’s rays,
as the sun varies in declination; since it is different in character at
different stations ; and at some stations, viz. Allahabad, Vizagapatam and
Bombay, is greatest in the winter, when the sun is at or near its lowest
altitude, and the absorbing atmospheric layer, therefore, at its thickest.
Its character, at the several stations enumerated in Table II, is best shewn
in Table III, which exhibits the monthly anomaly of each station, com-
puted on the general average of the months under consideration; 7. ¢.,
not an annual mean, but the mean of as many monthly mean values as
are shewn in Table II.
Taste II].—Annual variation of insolation excess temperature on clear
(or but slightly clouded) days.
© aa ao a
PIs | a ike wacek
5 5 3 a rob) =) oO | = 5) g s
a SB / ES ei e/ Pl els i518 |
Severe apa tise (sche | at io | ola fa. ts
|
Vizagapatam | + 2.2) + 1°3/—1:9)—3°6/—3'5| ... | wee | ane + 0°2| + 2 6|+2°8 27-9
Stroncha .. |—0°2/—1‘0/—2'6/—1°2/—1°'3) ... : ‘ we | 2°38) 4+3:1/4+0: 2.57°3
Bombay .. |+0°7|+1-7/+0-5|—0-5|—1°6] ... | «| a. |... (01/08) +40 3.49-3
Jessore .. |—0°6|—0°1/—1 2/—2°2/—1°1 on +3°4/+11/4+0°855°9
Hazaribagh . |—0-2|—0-6|—0°6 +0'3/+0'3] ... |... | |. |-+1°5|—0.2/0°6 56-8
Allahabad .. | +1°4/ + 2°0/ +0 5|—1-1|—2°1/—8"2] ... |... —0°2| + 0°7| + 1°6158°7
Sirsa + 0°3| + 1:8 + 2°7) + 2°1| +03 —3-0|—1°2 _0'3|—1'3|—0-7|—1-0.60°6
Peshawar .. + 44|—0-2|—4°8| —6-0|—2:8] —1 5|—0-2| 1:3] —1°5!56-4,
i!
+08)+62
y
-
78 H. F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. |No. 4,
This table shews that, under a sky apparently clear, the atmosphere
is most and least diathermanous, respectively, in the following months
at the stations enumerated; it being borne in mind that, except at the
Punjab stations, and, in part, at Allahabad, the months of the summer
monsoon are left out of consideration.
INSOLATION.
STATIONS. GREATEST. LEAST.
Vizagapatam. November, December April, May.
Sironcha. October, November. March,
Bombay. February. May.
Jessore. October. April.
Hazaribagh. October. Decr., Feby., March.
Allahabad. February. June.
Sirsa. March, April. June.
Peshawar. February, March. July.
The results of the laboratory investigations of Professor Tyndall,
as well as Mr. S. A. Hill’s discussion of Mr. Hennessey’s actinometric
observations at Mussooree, obviously suggest the vapour constituent of
the atmosphere as the variable element on which the actinic absorption
of the atmosphere, may be expected to depend. And, on comparing the
above results with the monthly averages of vapour tension, humidity
and cloud proportion, (the last being regarded as an index of the relative
humidity of the higher atmospheric strata), this expectation is confirmed
in the case of the two coast stations Bombay and Vizagapatam ; at least,
with a near approximation. The results of the comparison in the case
of these two stations are as follow: (Table IV, A). The maximum phase
of each element is indicated by an (*) the minimum by a (f).
TaBLe. 1V.—Comparison of the annual variation of insolation tempera-
ture on clear days with those of vapour tension, relative humidity and
cleud proportion.
A.— Coast stations.
Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April.| May. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.
er SR I es Ee NER ee ER | SRE eee
24°3t| 244] 281 | 305
*853 | °916*| °818 | *663 | ‘553t
68 69 72*| 66 64f
Insolation..... osecw [peed | 22. |. 26:0
Vapour Tension .... | ‘586 | ‘644 | °754
Relative Humidity .. 65 64¢| 66
Bombay. Vizagapetam.
Cloud ssccvecccvee | 144)| 1444) 1476 | 266 7 418 9 betes 1 2st
* /| Insolation..... ooeee | 59:0 | 60°0*| 588) 578) 56-7¢, 5821! 57-5] 586
Vapour Tengion ... ‘583t| “616 | °720 | .822 | ‘886*/ °850 | ‘700 | *627
Relative Humidity .. 70t| 7Ot| 738 75 75 81*| 71 70f
Cloud secocccesese | 1°60 | 1S38F] 1°91 | 2:38! 4:12] 4°42*| 2:22 | 1-76
1882.] H. F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. 79
The chief point in which the inverse variation of insolation and
humidity, otherwise distinctly indicated, seems to fail is, that the minimum
of the former, at both stations, occurs in April or May, while the maxi-
mum of the latter as tested by relative humidity and cloud proportion
falls in October ; but, as regards the absolute humidity of the lower atmos-
phere, the coincidence holds good. And it will presently be seen that there
is good reason why, other things being equal, the atmosphere should be
somewhat more diathermanous after than before the beginning of the rains.
When, however, we tnrn from the coast stations to those in the interior
of the country, where moreover, the range of insolation temperature is
in some cases greater, this concomitance of absolute humidity and atmos-
pheric absorption, which holds good at maritime stations, fails more or
less completely ; and it is evident that the latter is mainly determined by
some cond ition of a very different nature.
TaBLE IV.—B. Interior.
a a
|
Jan, | Feb. | Mar. | Apr |May. |June.|July. | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. Dec.
glInsol, | 55:3 ne 547 153-7¢/548 | | |e | oe 159°3*157-0 | 56-7
& | /Vap.Ten.|-416¢ -470 |-631 |-797 |-s90*| ... | 2. |... |... |-857 | 398 | -495
@)|RelHum| 60| 55t| 55+) 62/ 72) ..| .. | .. | .. | 78*] 68/1 63
J (lCloud [1:50 11-76 |274 |3-36 |473*| 2! | | laos |o-10 | 132
[jInsol. |566 )56-2+/56 24/571 571) .) .. 58°3*/ 56 6 |56-2+
E )|Vap.Ten. -257+|-267 |-288 |-325 523] ... 552*| 346 |-266
S|Rel.Hum| 51| 44] 36/ 324 44] .., . 66*| 53] 52
Hi (cloud 236 1211 [258 |262 |325| 2. |: 4:11*| 2-03 192+
(Insol. [57-1 | 56:3 |54-7+t) 56-1 [56-0 | a. | vee | vue | aoe | 601 | 60-48) 5755
© J Vap.Ten.| 445+) 484 |-510 |:570 |627) ... | .. resi | nes, | Cod | OOd ate
§)Rel Hum. 60| 54| 45] 414) 43]. ] 72*| 67 | 64
(Cloud !1-26¢/1°54 11-60 11-75 [261] 2. |. 3:46* 2-64. | 1:55
g({Imsol. | 60°1 | 60°7*, 49-2 |57°6 [56-6 | 55:5¢ 58°5 |59°4 | 60-3
“J |Vap.Ten.| 336+! -359 |-404 |-449 | 586 | -765* 645 | 414 |-345
= \|Rel.Hum.| 67| 60] 46] 36+ 42] 52 68*| 63 | 68*
“4 (JCloud | 1-93 | 2-22 | 1:89 | 1-434/161 | 4:39* 1:48 |0-93 | 163
60°3 |59°3 |599 | 59-6
Vap.Ten.| ‘221f| °254 |°312 | 357 | -455 |-597 | 787* 660 | °375 | -249 | -233
Rel.Hum.| 52 | 50] 42] 36] 35t| 40] 58 ° 53 | 38 | 39 | 62*
Cloud 2°76 |4°33*| 4°17 | 3°70 | 2-93 |3°24 [5°20 | .. |2°87 |1-:03¢/1-46 | 2:53
Sirsa,
Insol. 580 | 62:2 | 62 6*| 60°8 | 56:2 [51-6 | 50°44| 53-6 |54-9 |56-2 [55-1 | 54-9
Vap.Ten.| :209¢| *227 | -333 | :407 | -450 | 527 | 667 |-746*|-573 |-367 | -258 |-230
Rel.Hum.| 59 | 57 57 | 54/ 43! 40t} 49| 59] 53] 47! 55 | 62#
ee 60:9 | 62°4 | 63°3*| 62°7 | 60°9 | 57°6t| 59°4
if
jit 3°73 |433 | 4°50*| 4°12 | 2°84 | 2°15 1216 |298 |1 57 1'44¢/ 2 08 | 3°43
ee ee * eerie | Pe
Pesh’ war.
80 H. F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. [No. 4,
A feature common to all these stations, and, at first sight, sufficiently
remarkable, is that, at all, the month in which the maximum insolation,
(or the least atmospheric absorption) occurs, is one characterized by a high
proportion of cloud, indicating comparatively high humidity in certain
of the higher atmospheric strata. In the case of Hazaribagh and Pesha-
war, the most cloudy months of the whole year, (or as far as is shewn
in the tables,) are also those in which the insolation is greatest; at
Sironcha and Sirsa, the greatest insolation occurs in the month imme-
diately following that of most cloud ; and, both at Sirsa and Jessore, the
average cloud proportion, at the epoch of the former, differs by only
an insignificant amount from the maximum. At Allahabad, the maximum
insolation temperature coincides with a secondary cloud maximum, (that
of the winter rains). It appears, therefore, that the rule, at stations in
the interior of the country, is, in a measure, the reverse of that which
we have found to hold good for the coast region ; and that a humid state
of the cloud-forming strata of the atmosphere, as indicated by the
cloud proportion, is coincident with more than average diathermancy.
The association of a high degree of insolation with a highly humid
state of the atmosphere has been prominently noticed both by the late Baron
Hermann von Schlagintweit* and Mr. J. Park Harrison,t and each has
suggested an explanation. That put forward by Mr. Park Harrison is
based upon experimental results, which, as far as they go, appear to be
perfectly valid. He finds that, when clouds are clustered about the sun,
without obscuring it, the (probably reflected) heat, from the illuminated
clouds, raises the equilibrium temperature of the sun thermometer, some-
times by several degrees ; and moreover, that ‘ the action does not appear
to be confined to days on which there is vis¢ble cloud, for even on cloudless
days, (so called) very high readings of solar radiation appear to be due
to the presence of opalescent vapour,” and that “an apparent increase of
solar radiation occurs, as the sun enters a white cloud, of sufficient tenuity
to allow free passage to its rays.” Now with respect to the effect of
visible clouds about the sun, it is very probable that many cases, which
may be observed in the original registers, in which the maximum insolation
temperature exceeds by several degrees that attained on other days in the
same month, may.be due to this cause. But observation with the actino-
meter shows that diffused amorphous cloud, which simply lowers the tint of
the sky, making it pale and sometimes almost colourless, far from increasing
the insolation, greatly reduces it.{ And it is the frequent presence of
* Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. XIV, p. 111.
¢ Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. XV, p. 356; also vol. XVII, p. 515 and Phil. Mag. 4th
Ser. vol. 39, pp. 70 and 299.
{ Abundant evidence of this is afforded by the actinometric observations made at
Alipore and printed by the Solar Physics Committee of the Royal Society in Appendix
of their report, .
1882 ] H. F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. 81
this amorphous cloud, in the driest weather, to which I would attribute,
in part, the low average temperatures of the (as recorded) cloudless months ;
but there is another absorptive agent, which has not been noticed by either
of the authorities above quoted, and which is certainly much more powerful
in dry than in damp weather, and to observers on the plains of India,
is not easily separable from what I have above termed amorphous cloud ;
since, when seen from below, it has, like the latter, the effect of lowering
the tint of the sky. This is the impalpable haze, which, as a general rule,
and always in the dry season, rests on the plains of India, extending
frequently to heights much exceeding 7,000 feet, and sometimes extends
over the outer Himalaya, in such density, that, at Simla in the months of
May and June, at a height of more than 7,000 feet, the hills, four or five
miles distant only, are sometimes almost or quite invisible. The indepen-
dence of these two absorbing agents is only observable at considerable
elevations, and in certain states of the atmosphere; and the following
observation, communicated to me by Mr. J. B. N. Henessey, M.A, F.R.S.,
whose experience in actinometric work invests his observations with unusual
importance, is therefore especially interesting. ‘ Youremark” he writes on
“the paleness” of the sky at Calcutta. Now, last April and May, having
coached three of my assistants to use the actinometer exactly as I do, I left
them to do the bulk of the observing. The sky, at first, was quite blue; and
standing on the Mussoorie ridge, the Dehra valley with the Sivaliks beyond,
and the plains, still further away, were all well seen. As the dry weather
progressed, fires, as usual, appeared in the Doon, giving rise to smoke ; and
this, aided by dust, gradually filled the valley and dimmed objects in that
direction by means of what may be called a smoke haze. The actinometer
however stood at 6,940 feet above the sea, while Dehra station is only
2,200 feet. ‘The haze lay a long way below us; at a guess, say 3,000 feet,
and, to all appearances, hanging over the Doon only. At the time however
a brisk south wind blows here daily, increasing in strength as the day
advances, so that, at first, 1 paid little attention to my assistant’s remarks
as to the rising of the smoke, until, at last, the observations began to shew
inconsistencies, which, however, were complicated by the fact, proved in
previous years, that actinometric maximum radiation occurs before apparent
noon. On watching the phenomena, I saw this. Far above me, at a guess,
not under a mile, very thin and very light yet defined clouds were being
driven northwards as the wind blew. I say clouds, from want of any other
name ; they were white, not brown or yellow, as if of steam, with soft
graceful outlines along the advancing edges, which could be seen by watch-
ing against the blue sky. Imagine something between a mist and a cu-
mulus, very thin and quite white. Now this steam-cloud (a mere phrase)
was, say, a mile above, and the smoke 3 a mile below, and there was nothing
82 H.F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. [No. 4,
to show that the former was fed by the latter. No doubt my steam-cloud
would induce paleness of sky, an evil which you speak of as prevailing at
Calcutta ; and itis highly probable that such steam-clouds, not by any
means prominent, were driven over Mussoorie for days and days in the dry
weather at least. What were they composed of ? not smoke and not dust
as far as I could judge.
“ As to the haze, to all appearances, dust haze, being visible between ~
showers, as you mention, we have noticed that here tov. I have water
barrels at the corners of our house; they are fed exclusively by iron pipes
from a clean iron roof. After a few showers had fallen, I had the barrels
well cleaned in my presence ; the water was clear. Subsequently a heavy
fall of rain occurred, I examined the barrels, expecting the water to be
quite clear; instead, the water was charged with yellow clay; and yet,
after the first showers, I should have thought that the air was too saturated
with moisture, not to arrest dust a long way below 7,000 feet.
“ Again last year, in the dry weather, I was watching day after day for
actinometric weather; the hills were obscured or dimmed by haze, obviously
dust haze. I can see the Chor where I write; between that mountain and
this, the dust haze was quite plain ; suddenly there was a change in the haze
about 2 Pp. M. one day, it was a sheet; it began to roll about in waves and
I may say visibly changed into clouds of vapour, which rose like ordinary
clouds, leaving me a clear view of the Chor, &c., looking quite blue. Note
there was no rain.”
It results from what has been said above, that (excepting on the coast)
up to a certain point, which cannot be strictly defined, a humid condition
of the atmosphere tends to increase the readings of the sun-thermometer
and the actinometer ; indirectly by reducing the (dust?) haze which in
dry weather forms a absorbing stratum of many thousands of feet in thick-
ness, and directly by causing the formation of cloud masses which when
clustering round the sun, reflect the solar rays and add the effect of
the reflected to the direct radiation. On the other hand the amorphous
cloud which exists at great elevations in dry weather and especially in the
winter and spring months, and is generally only appreciable by its lowering
and blanching the sky tint, is also a potent absorber. The sheets of Pallio-
cirrus and pallio-cumulus which are result of a highly humid condition,
and are especially the clouds of the rainy season, are of course the most
impervious of all solar screens.
Since then, the athermancy of the atmosphere is enhanced by such
opposite conditions of dryness and humidity, and, at present, we have no such
records of these conditions as might enable us to frame a law of numerical
concomitance, and thus apply an empirical correction to our actinometric
results, it might seem almost hopeless to seek for evidence of any variation
1882] H. F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer 88
of the intensity of the solar radiation, in the registers of insolation tem-
peratures, or even those of astinometric observations on the plains of India ;
but this I think would be a hasty conclusion. The effect of cloud reflection
may be pretty well eliminated by careful selection, and even although
the effect of the solar variation (supposing such to exist) may be small
in comparison with those effects which depend immediately on atmos-
pheric absorption, since in comparing the registers of different years,
the former must affect all stations simultaneously and similarly, whereas
the latter vary indefinitely at different stations, it may yet be possible by
taking the mean result of a large number of stations in different parts of
the country, to eliminate such atmospheric effects, as continue to manifest
themselves prominently in the individual registers, after taking such
obvious precautions as have been specified above; and £ am the more encour-
aged to entertain this view, by the very striking coincidence between inso-
lation and sun-spot frequency which resulted from my former investigation.
And the results of the present attempt, though less striking than the former
mvestigation had led me to anticipate, are, still, not such as to discourage
further enquiry in this field. They must however be regarded, at present,
as provisional only ; and, indeed, the number of stations here considered is
too small to admit of any other estimate of their validity.
Taste V.— Progressive differences of insolation temperatures on clear
days from the monthly means of Table LL.
1875-6 1876-7 1877-8 1878-9. | 1879-80. | 1880-81.
° (2) . Oo . (2) . oO ° (=D) . oO
Re foabe | She es bat Ss bal 8 bab |S
= ee B= ee ee Stee aS eee (es we ES nm
Oo) jn} ©. fe|'a fal a ja) A fa; aA
January ......0.-- | 1 | + 0:3] 4 |— 4:9] 6 |— 8:3] 7 |— 4:3) 6 |— 96] 6 |— 07
February ......... | 1 |— 0-8] 4 |— 4°7] 8 | —29°2] 7 | + 66] 6 |— 1:9] 6 |— 93
TRUONG 5.5% ceases 1 |— 0-2] 4 |— 1:3] 8 | —20°5] 7 | + 4:1] 6 |—18-1] 6 | +11°6
April coves | L |— 2°3] 5 | +10°3] 8 | —14°3; 6 | —18°8] 6 0 6|+ 61
May. ae 1/+ 4315 !/+ 16]8 |— 7-7] 6 |—14:9] 6 | + 56) 6 |— 94
SOME ccccsaesscavee 0 ane 1/+ O11 3 |— 66) 3 |— 2113) + 56) 3 |— Os
July.... 5 RS On y 2}|—69) 2 |+ O02)2/+ 3:5) 2)+ 3-2
August ae yO he 0 os 1{/— 8d) 1) + 19} 1) + 42,1] + 21
September ..,......| 0] ... | 0 a 9\|—142)+ O22 |+ 62] 2 |— 14
October .... 3 | +12-7] 6 |—13.4] 8 | 13-0] 6 |— 4:9] 6 | + 4:4] 5 |— 53
November ..,...... | 3 | + 8:8] 6 |—21:8] 8 | + 2:2] 6 |— 48] 6 |— 2:2) 5 |— 37
December .,........ 3|+ 5:4] 6 |—22:0] 8 | + 7:9] 6 |—10°7] 6 |— 55] 5 |— 58
GMS occ eneee 14 | +28°2141 | —56-1170 |-106:3)59 | —47°5156 | — 7:8]53 | —12°9
Meéang......... |...) + 2:°O1...]— 1°44... |/— 1:5}... | — O8]...|— Olf...;/— 02
12
84 H.F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer.
The data, being those given in Table II, have been summarized in the
above Table to shew the mean variation, from year to year, in the following
manner. The differences of the corresponding months, in each pair of
consecutive years, being first taken out and tabulated, the sums of these
differences in the same pair of months and years is computed from as many
stations as are represented. These monthly sums and the number of stations
yielding them, in each case, are shewn in the table, and the annual sums
and means of the whole given at foot.
If the first pair of years be rejected as furnishing insufficient data, the
table would seem to shew a continuous fall of solar intensity ; rapid from
1876 to 1879, and subsequently only just appreciable. As is well-known,
the sun-spot minimum occurred in the 1st quarter of 1879, so that it can-
not be said that the present table shews a decided concomitance of the
solar intensity and sun-spot frequency such as resulted from the former
discussion. At the same time, if not conclusively favourable, still less is
it conclusively adverse to the former conclusion, and the enquiry appears
to be well worth following up with such further evidence as the Indian
registers may yield. This I propose to do.
a
.
.
|
rN DEX.
@&s Names of new genera and species have an asterisk (*) prefixed.
Abisara bifasciata, 16
& tylla, 61
Acrea vesta, 57
Acreine, 7d.
Acropheedusa, 6, 11
Adolius, 60
Agamide, 50, 54
Alces, 49
Amblypodia ganesa, 63
*
paraganesa, 7b,
Amorphoscelide, 21
Amorphoscelis annulicornis, 7d.
Anadebis himachala, 55
Apatura, 60
bolina, 7d.
namouna, ¢d,
Aphnzous lohita, 63
syama, 2b.
Appias hippo, 64
Argynnis (Acidalia) niphe, 57.
Arhopala, 63
Ariophanta, 68, 70
leevipes, 68
Astictopterus diocles, 68
Athyma bahula, 59
cama, 7).
”?
. chevana, 7b.
inara, 70.
leucothoé, 7b.
mahesa, 7).
selenophora, 7.
zeroca, 7.
Atella alcippe, 16
Axis maculatus, 48
») porcinus, 4d, 49
Balea, 1
Baoris oceia, 65
*Bensonia mainwaringi, 69, 70
Brachysaura, 50, 51, 53
os ornata, 7,
Calotes , 00, 52, 53
» versicolor, 50
Calotropis, 53
Camena ctesia, 63
Canis, 53
Capreolus, 48
caprea, 76,
Castaltus decidia, 62
= manluena, 17
“i rosimon, 62
Catochrysops pandava, 73.
“ strabo, 7,
Catophaga indra, 64
Catopsilia catilla, 63
eS crocale, 18, 63
+ pyranthe, 63
Cervidax, 45
Cervulus, 46
Cervus alfredi, 45
axis, 7d,
canadensis, 44, 47
dama, 45
dicranios, 45, 47
», duvaucelli, 45
py eld, 16.
» €elephas, 47, 48
», Platyceros, 49
»» porcinus, 45
schomburgki, 7,
Cethosia biblis, 57
alt cl lia nei Relais “tetianaifiscssidinslasiaiit ieadaias ees ‘a
ee
ee ee)
~ eyane, 7d,
i nikobarica, 16
Choaspes amara, 65
7 benjamini, 7,
a harisa, 64
*Choeradodis brunneri, 21
= rhombicollis, 74,
servillei, 7d,
strumaria, 22
Cheritra acte, 63
Cirrhochroa aoris, 57
93
vs mithila, wb.
s nicobarica, 16, 20
Clausilia, 1, 2, 3,
“9 aculus,
* 4, wthiops, 7, 13
86
Clausilia andersoniana, 12, 13
* ¥ aracana, 11
* * aptychia, 10, 13
r aurantiaca, 7, 8
* : var. minor, 9
7 pilabratra, ab.
* = caryostoma, 6, 13
a cornea, 6, 11°
“ cylindrica, 5
“ digonoptyx, 2, 3.
s Ms var, minor, 2
* ducalis, 5
. fusangensis, 8, 13
% y: gracilispira, 5, 13
* Ay hickonis, 7
. * hungerfordiana, 2, 13
es hyperolia, 7, 9, 10
a, insignis, 12
+ japonica, 3, 4
e javana, 11
ie junghuhni, 6, 11
ES kobensis, 3, 4
* is 2 var. pallens, 4
* - micropeas, 12
ss monticola, 11
* 5 nevilliana, 11, 13
4 hilgendorfi, 3
* nipponensis, 3, 4
bad oostoma, 4, 13
a platydera, 8
a . var. elongata, 7d.
is eS »5 lambda, 7d.
- pluviatilis, 7
9 proba, 2, 3
* . rectaluna, 9, 10, 13
* - sericina, 6, 7, 13
as shanghaiensis, 2
9 subgibbera, 7
- a subulina, 13
. tau, 2
* Si tetraptyx, 7, 13
cy valida, 3
ae validuscula, 7
‘fs vasta, 4
53 wiillerstorffi, 11, 13
yokohamensis, 4
Clausiliee, 1, 6, 12
Coassus, 46
= rufus, 46, 47
Coleoptera, 54
Corvus, 53
Curetis bulis, 61
5 thetys, 17
Cyaniris puspa, 61
Cylindrophaedusa, 5, 13
Cynthia erota, 67
Cyrestis risa, 58
» thyodamas, 7,
Dama, 49 eo
Danaine, 14
Danais aglaioides, 15
Danais (Parantica) aglea, 55
» chrysippus, 15
» (Salatura and Limnas) chrysippus,
55
» genutia, 15
» (Salatura) genutia, 55
» hegesippus, 15
» limniace, 14, 55
7 (Caduga) melaneus, 55
» plexippus, 20, 55
» (Tirumala) septentrionis, 55
», (Caduga) tytia, ib.
Delias agostina, 64
9» pasithoé, 7d.
thysbe, 7d.
Dercas verhuellii, 1b.
Deudorix orseis, 18
ne petosiris, 62
Dichorragia nesimachus, 60
Didymocorypha, 24
ensifera, 2d.
Discophora celinde, 57
my tullia, 4b.
Diurnal Lepidoptera from Nicobar Is-
lands, 14
Dodona ouida, 61
Doleschallia bisaitide, 58
Dyctis patna, 56
» vasudeva, 57
Dysaules longicollis, 25
= -: var. brevipennis, 70.
Elaphine, 46
Elaphurus davidianus, 46, 48
Elaphus, 48
Elymnias, 20
- leucocyma, 56
» mimus, 16, 20
i undularis, 56
Elymnine, 7d.
Episcopus chalybeus, 24
Eremophila arabica, 22
Eremophilide, 21
Ergolis ariadne, 58
Hronia avatar, 64
Erycinidex, 16
Euchomena, 27
Eulepis athamas, 61
Euphaedusa, 2
Kuplecta, 68, 70, 71
*, camura, 70, 71
o crossel, 71, 72
; ornatissima, 70, 72
ei partita, 70
ee pedina, 71
* subopaca, 70
vidua, 1d.
Euploa, 20, 42
* camorta, 16
y castelnaui, 7b.
= core, 55
eS deione, 42
Index.
oo esperi, 15
9 grotei, 43
hopei, 42
< (stictoploea) hopei, 55
limborgi, 43
4 (Trepsichrois) midamus, 65
= novare, 15
ae phoebus, 20
cs (Salpinx) rogenhoferi, 55
4 . a rhadamanthus, 70.
a sepulchralis,'15
simulatrix, 15, 20
Euchomena thoracica, 27
Euripus cinnamomeus, 58
» halitherses, 7d,
Euthalia apiades, 60
= garuda, 59
. lubentina, 7d.
xa sananda, 60
is kesava, 7b.
Everes parrhasius, 62
Felis, 53
Fischeria thoracica, 27
*Gonypeta authemon, 26
Gordius, 32
Halpe homolea, 65
% Zema, 46.
Haridra polyxena, 61
Hasora badra, 65
Hebomoia glaucippe, 64
Helicarion, 68
Helicide, 7d.
Helix chambertinii, 70
» conferta, 7d.
» haughtoni, 2d.
Hemipheedusa, 5, 6, 7, 13
Hemiplecta, 69
Herpestes, 53
Hesperia agna, 19, 20
5 chaya, 65
rf colaca, 19
P eltola, 65
a mathias, 20
seramora, 66
Hesperiide, 18, 64
Hesperiila luteisquama, 65
Hestina nama, 58
»» persimilis, 7d.
Hierodula, 32
* ay, (Sphodromantis) arabica, 29
= FY (Rhombodera) atricoxis, var.
grandis, 31
i (Rhombodera) basalis, 32
= (Sphodromantis) bicarinata, 28
Pe bioculata, 29
a dentifrons, 28
Pe (Rhombodera) flava, 31
al macropsis, 31
* a (Sphodromantis) muta, 30
x (Sphodropoda) quinquedens, 28
Fp simulacrum, 30
#*
87
*Hicrodula sternosticta, 31
5 trimacula, 29, 30
a vitrea, 31
a gastrica, 28
Hipparchia, 67
i briseis, 38
- me digna, 67
* ‘a shandura, 38, 43
Hog-deer, 44, 45
Horaga ciniata, 62
Hypolimnas bolina, 16
3 misippus, 16, 20
Hypolyczena erylus, 63
Se etolus, 7d.
3 othona, 7d,
fo thecloides, 17, 20
Huphina nadina, 64
_ nerissa, 7d.
Idolomorpha capensis, 29
Ilerda androcles, 62
», brahma, 7d,
» epicles, 7d.
Indian region, Rhopalocerous Lepidop-
tera from, 37
Tolaus anysis, 63
Iris oratoria, 32
», orientalis, 7d.
Ismene, 65
» exclamationis, 19
» malayana, 7d.
Isoteinon cephala, 65
Ixias evippe, 64
Jamides bochus, 62
Japan, clausilias from, 1, 12, 13
Julus, 54
Junonia, 57
‘a asterie, 7d.
» », _ var. nikobariensis, 16
+ laomedia, 16, 57
- lemonias, 57
Lampides, 62
. zlianus, 17, 62
3 ardates, 17
ye elpis, 62
i cnejus, 17
- kandarpa, 62
s kankena, 17
? kinkurka, id.
Fs kondulana, 7.
e macrophthalma, 7d.
F malaya, 62
si pandava, 17
re parrhasius, 7d,
7 plato, var. nicobaricus, 7d.
- plumbeomicans, var. nicobari-
cus, 7d.
_. puspa, 61
7 rosimon, 17
strabo, Fs
Lebadea i ismene, 5
Lemoniide, 61
88 Index.
Lepidoptera, 14
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, 55, 67
Lethe chandica, 56
» europa, 2d,
o Manga, ¢2.
»» mekara, 7d,
rohria, 7d,
sidonis, 7b,
(Tansima) verma, 7.
Limenitis daraxa, 58
4 procris, 7.
Loxura atymnus, 63
Lyczenesthes bengalensis, 62
lyceenina, 7d.
Lycenide, 17, 61, 63
Macrochlamys, 68, 69, 70
‘s lubrica, 69, 70
ny tugurium 69, 70, 71
Mancipium canidia, 64
Mantide, 26
Mantis, 32
basalis, 7d.
* callifera, 7d,
flava, 31
heteroptera, 27
kersteni, 28
4) Mmacropsis, 31
pia, 32
5-dens, 28
simulacrum, 30
thoracica, 27
Mantodea, 21
Megaceros, 49
hibernicus, 48
Megalophzedusa, 4,5
Melanargia, 38
clotho, 7d.
galathea, ib.
. lachesis, 7d.
5 psyche, 7d.
Melanitis ismene, 16, 56
3 leda, 56
i zitenius, 7d,
Mesopteryx, 34
43 alata, 7d.
= platycephala, 34, 36
3 robusta, 36
Mie 53
Morphine, 57
Mycalesis (Virapa) anaxias, 55
drusia, 16
(Gareris) gopa, 55
(Samanta) malsara, 56
y medus, 16
(Loesa) oroatis, 38
(Calysisme) perseus, 56
- . 5 var. visala,
ab.
& (Orsotrizena) runeka, 7d.
- surkha, 37, 43
5 Visala, 56
Myrina atymnus, 18
Nacaduba ardates, 62
macrophthalma, 7d.
Naja, 53
Nanina, 68, 69
- (Bensonia), 69
Py camura, 71
a3 crossel, 7d.
9 haughtoni, 70
a indica, 69, 71
- koondaensis, 69
oe ligulata, 70, 71
mainwaringiana, 69
a orobia, 70
5 ovum, 7.
serrula, 69
Pe shipleyi, 7d.
tugurium, 69, 71
Nemeobiinz, 61
Neope bhadra, 56
Nepheronia avatar, 64
Neptis amba, 58, 59
aceris, 58
cartica, 59
columella, 7d.
emodes, 58
hordonia, 7d,
mananda, 16
matuta, 7.
miah, 58
nandina, 59
nicobarica, 16
» radha, 58
soma, 59
susruta, 7d.
varmona, 58
vikasi, 59
viraja, 58
Wicobars, clansilia from, 11
Nilasera centaurus, 63
* eumolphus, a.
Niphanda tessellata, 61
Nisionades salsala, 66
Nychitona xiphia, 63
Nymphalidez, 14, 55
Nymphaline, 16, 57
Nymphalis, 61
Oxyophthalma chalybea, 24
Oxytes blanfordi, 69, 71
» koondaensis, 7d. 7b.
» koondaensis, 69
Padraona dara, 65
m gola, 7d.
Pamphila augias, 7,
a gola, 7,
meesa, 70.
Panolia eldi, 47, 49
Papilio, 42
agamemnon, 18
(Zetides) agamemnon, 64
amasena, 2d,
9
A. «ai ae
ve. — oe
Papilio (Iliades) androgeus, 64
» (Menelaides) aristolochia, 7d.
», aristolochiz, var. camorta, 18
»» astorion, 64
* , Clare, 42, 48
» (Byasa) dasarada, 64
» (Orpheides) erithonius, 7d.
» (Charus) helenus, 7d,
» hewitsonii, 42
—— hippo, 18
» papone, 43
» (Achillides) paris, 64
» (Byasa) philoxenus, 7d.
» (Laertias) polytes, 7.
ss polytes, var, nikobarus, 18, 20
9,» (Ornithoptera) pompeus, 64
», (Dalchina) sarpedon, 7d.
slateri, 42
Papilionide, 18, 63
Papilionine, 18, 64
Pareba vesta, 57
*Parnara assamensis, 65
- colaca, 7d.
Phaedusa, 1, 2, 5, 6, 11, 12
Phasmomantis thoracica, 27
Pierine, 18, 63
Pieris, 64
9 coronis, var. lichenosa, 18
» nadina, 64
Pithecops dharma, 61
hylax, 7d.
” zalmora, 70.
Plesioneura alysos, 65
KA sumitra, 7.
Poliornis, 53
Polyommatus beeticus, 62
*
ee ellisi, 41, 43
; karsandra, 17
sangra, 17, 62
*Polyspilota i insignis, 33
Pontia xiphia, 63
Precis iphita, 57
»» veda, 58
Prioneris thestylis, 64
Procervulus, 47
Psammophis condanurus, 61
Pseudaxis, 45
Pseudergolis wedah, 57
Pseudodipsas, 62
Pseudonenia, 11, 12
Pterygospidea, 65
Ptyas, 53
Pulmonifera, 68
Pyrameis cardui, 16
‘a indica, 57
Pyrogocotis gracilipes, 24
Pyrgomantis, 7d.
Radena similis, var. nicobarica, 14, 20
Rahinda hordonia, 58
Rhopalocera, 14
Rhyssota, 70
Index.
Rhyssota conferta, 70, 71
of haughtoni 70
ovum, 75,
Rohana, 60
os parysatis, 7.
Rotula, 69, 70
» Mainwaringi, 71
Rucervus, 47
‘ duvaucelli, 47, 49
S schomburgki, 49
Rusa, 45
» aristotelis, 49
Rusine, 45
Sarangesa dasahara, 65
Satarupa bhagava, 66
Satyrine, 16. 55
Sauropsida, 50 -
Schizocephala bicornis, 24
chalybea, 7d.
Sephisa chandra, 60
dichroa, 7
Sikkim, Butterflies from, 54
Sitana, 51, 53
» minor, 50, 51, 53
Sithon kamorta, 175/20
» _ Sugriva, var. areca, <b. id,
Spalgis epius, 61
Sphodromantis, 32
Sphodropoda, 7d.
Stereophaedusa, 3, 6
Stibochiona nicea, 58
Suastus eltola, 65
» toona, 2d.
Surendra quercetorum, 63
Symbrenthia cotanda, 57
#3 hippoclus, 7d,
rm hypselis, 7d.
niphanda, id.
Tachyris hippo, var. hippoides, 18
eS panda, 18, 20
f paulina, var. galathea, 18
Tagiades gana, 65
es dasahara, id,
ie helferi, 18
A menaka, 65
re ravi, 19
Tanaecia cibaritis, 16
*Tarachodes dissimulator, 23
* x insidiator, 22
Telegonus thrax, 65
Telicota bambusw, 0b.
Tenasserim, clausilia from, 12
Tenodera platycephala, 34
Terias drona, 18
» harina, 63
» hecabe, 18, 63
», mikobariensis, 18
Thanaos stigmata, 66
Thaumantis diores, 57
louisa, 40
Udaspes folus, 65
$9
90 Index.
Uromastix, 53 Zemeros flegyas, 61
Vanessa caschmirensis, 57 Zeuxidia, 39
5 charonia, 7d, + amethystus, 39, 40
Varanus, 53 oe masoni, 39
Virachola perse, 62 Zipaétis scylax, 56
Wapiti, 47, 48 Zizera maha, 61
Ypthima nareda, 56 »,» SsSangra, 62
< philomela, 74, Zizyphus, 53
* sakra, 7d, ; *Zophoessa dura, 38, 43
NEW SERIES. - VOLE LE. CCXLVIII.
OOOO OOO eee ase ee ek _ c—_e.eeek eC OC Lg eee
JOURNAL.
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| nus, with an amplification of the theory of the evolution of —
antlers in Ruminants.—By Joun Cocxsunn, Offy. 2nd
Asst. to Supdt. Indian Museum, Caleutta,.. sae 45,
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CONTENTS
OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PART (PT. II.) OF THE
- JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL FOR 188].
No. 1, Gina Apsil 30th, 1881.) Report on a visit to the Nongyang
Br on the Burmese Fr ontier, February 1879. (With Pls. VITI—XI TI).
j By S. EB. Peau. On the Identification of certain Diamond Mines in
India, which were known to and worked by the Ancients, especially those
which were visited by Tavernier. With a note on the history of the
- Koh-i-nur. (With two Woodcuts).— By V. Batt, Geological Survey of
India. List of Mollusca from the Hills between Mari and Tandiani. —By
_W. THropatp, Depy. Supdt. Geological Survey. A list of BurYERFLIES
taken in Sikkim in October 1880, with notes on habits, Se.—By LioneL pu
Nice’vinte. List of Ear thquakes recorded in Assam during the years
1879 and 1880.—By the GoverNMENT oF Assam. (Title, Contents, and
Index te Vol. XLIX, 1880.)
No. 2, (issued July 30th, 1881). On the relations of cloud and rain-
silt to temperature in India, and on the opposite variations of density in the
er he and lower atmospheric strata —By H. F. Buanrorp, Meteorological
_ Reporter to the Government of India, Description of a rain-gauge with
__ evapometer for remote and secluded stations. (With Pl. XV).—By H. F.
- Bouanrorp, Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India. On some
e Eatidopiorow Insects belonging to the Khopalocerous Genera Euripus and
Penthema from India and Burmah, (With Pls. III and ILV).—By
J. Woov-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Musewm, Calcutta. On
the Voles (Arvicole) of the Himalayans, Tibet, and Afghanistan. (With
- Plates I and I1).—é4y W. T. BuanForp. On Myospalax fuscicapillus,
SF paste (With part of Pl. I1).—By W. T. Buanrorp.
No. 8, (issued October 22nd, 1881). New or little known Mollusca of
o7 “Indo-Malayan Fauna, (With Plates V, VI, VII).—By Grorrrey
- Nevitre, A sketch of tha history of the fossils of the Indian Gondwana
, system. —By OrrokaR FEIsStTMANTEL, Palgontologist, Geological Survey
of India. Additional note on the identification of the ancient diamond
mines visited by Tavernier.—By V. Batt. List of Diurnal Lepidoptera
: eine the Nicobar Islands. (With a Woodeut)—By J. Woop-
Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta, and LioNEL DE
- Niow’vitie (With a Woodcut).
No 4, (issued December 21st, 1881). Note on an apparently unde-
‘scribed Vavanus from Tenasserum and on other Reptilia and Amphibia.
(With Plate XV1).— By W.T. Buanrorp. Second List of Rhopalacerous
Lepidoptera from Port Blair, Andaman Islands, with Descriptions of, and
Notes on, new and little-known Species and Varieties. (With Plate XIV
and part of Plate IV).—By J. Woop-Mason, Deputy Superintendent,
Indian Museum, Calcutta, and LIonEL DE Nice’vinir. Deser iption of &
new Species of Rostellaria, from the Bay of Bengal.—By Gworrrey
Nevitt. A numerical Estimate of the species of Animals chiefly Land
and Fresh-water hitherto recorded from British Isles and its Dependencies.
— By W.'T. Buanrorp. Description of a new species of the Lepidopterous
Genus Kuripus from North-Hastern India, (With part of Plate 1V).
—By J. Woov-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta.
PUBLICATIONS
-FOR SALE AT THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, —
No. 57, Park Street, Calcutta.
Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, from Vols. XII to XVII (1843 -
to 1848) ; Vols. XIX to XXII (1850 to 1852) ; Vols. XXVI, -
XXVII (1857; 1858), and Vols. XXXIII to XLVIII, (1864 —
to 1881). . | a
Asiatic Researches, from Vols. VI to XI and Vols. XVII to XX,
CACHING. So iste'e s:c ek o'y. oR MEM ble ERS bile.ois pre thie wa ties pete th eee ee
Ditto dgpo TnGer Hs Sacee elacs gee ke tend oath od od aa a 5
Catalogue of Books and MSS. in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu,...... 1
~The Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. I. Translatedinto Hnglish, with notes and —
indexes, by GH sBlochmann:: MICAS) 6 as cv aging sien va Roam ule
The Prosody of the Persians.—By H. Blochmann, M. A., ...... 5
The Tabaqat-i-Nagiri. ‘Translated by Major H. G. Raverty, _
LAVAS SRE say AS a aie toh ea bet acy 267 b 0", tele Sie heriace ah wlatareral's gee deen ee
Aborigines of India, by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., B. C.S.,.....,535. 8
Cie Gab OSS
THE BUTTERFLIFS OF INDIA, BURMAH AND CEYLON. _
| cae? “By ngs f
Mason G. F, L. MARSHALL, R. E.,
AND.
LIONEL pre NICE’/VILLE.
A descriptive handbook of all the known species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera
inhabiting that region, with notices of allied species occurring in the neighbouring
countries along the border ; with numerons illustrations. my | |
Vol. I, Part i, is now available at the Publi hers, containing Glossary of Tech- —
nical Terms, Notes on Collecting and Preserving, Synopsis of the Families and Sub-
families, and detailed descriptions of all the Danaine, with one coloured plate, nine
autotype plates, and four wood engravings. Price, Rs. 6. aus
Part ii, which completes Vol. I, is now passing through the press, and will be
available in about three months; containing the detailed descriptions of all the
Saryninz, Elymniine, Morphine and Acreine, with eight autotype plates, and nine
or ten wood engravings. Price, Rs. 8. PERS Nes athe .
The book will be completed in four or five volumes, the remaining volumes to be
issued as prepared. The exact period of publication cannot be guaranteed, nor the
precise cost of the total work, but every effort will be made to complete the publication
within three years at the outside, and to keep the cost within Rs. 60 for the entire
work, whe
PUBLISHED BY THE
CALCUTTA CENTRAL PRESS COMPANY, LIMITED,
5, Councit House STREET, — aah eats
NEW SERIES. VOL. LI. CELT
-
JOURNAL
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
| VOLT: Part II, No. Iv .—1882. |
| Jue Nlavunar fiisrony Secreray,
—S
- =
Sea'eNe
‘eeeeaa
in « The bounds of its investigation will be the geographical limits of Asia: and
| { within these limits its inquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by
man or produced by nature.”—Sir WILLIAM JoNEs,
#,,% Communications should be sent wnder-cover to the Secretaries, Asiat. Soc.,
_ to whom all orders for the work are to be addressed in India; or, in Lon-
don, care of Messrs. Triibner and Co., 57 SF 59, Ludgate Hill,
-~_—-
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY J, W, THOMAS, AT THE PAPTIST MISSION PRESS,
AND PUBLISHED BY THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY, 5J, PARK STREET,
1883. —
ed
Lae. igs
Price (exclusive of postage) to Subscribers, Rs. 1-8.—To Non-Subscribers Rs. 2.
Price in England, 4 Shillings.
*% Issued March 1st, 1883.
CONTENTS.
ac ane ee Page
X.—A new Species of Hipparchia (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera)
From the N. W. Bet ar ae —By Mason G. F. L. Mar- |
SHALL, R. E.. Cais Westets 67
XI.—No. 2. Wotes a on eo Dracine of ‘be aninate ofon various
Indian Land Mollusca (Pulmonifera).—By Lr.-Cou. H. H.
‘Gopwin-AustEn, F: R. S., F. Z. 8., de. (with Plate V.)... 68
XII.—Some further results of Sun-thermometer observations with
reference to atmospheric absorption and the supposed vari-
ation of solar heat.—By Henry F. Buayrorp, F. R.S.,
Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India......... 72
Now Complete.
"HISTORY OF THE BIRDS OF CEYLON,
Parts I ro III. e
By Captain W. V. LEGGE, z. a, F. 3.8.
aval Ato., pages xlvi. 1237, with 34 plates by Keulemans and a
Map. Complete in three parts, price £2 each. In this work the geogra-
phical range, habits and nidification of each species is fully worked out,
Intending purchasers should communicate with the author, whose
address is Aberystwith, Wales. ©
4
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ee CONTENTS
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.
OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PART (PT. Il.) OF THE
JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL FOR 1881.
ee No.1, (issued April 30th, 1881.) Report on a visit to the Nongyang
EB: Lake, on the Burmese Frontier, February 1879. (With Pls. VIII—XIII).
—By 8. E. Peat. On the Identification of certain Diamond Mines in
India, which were known to and worked by the Ancients, especially those
which were visited by Tavernier, With a note on the history of the
Koh-i-nur. (With two Woodcuts).—By V. Batt, Geological Survey of
India. List of Mollusca from the Hills between Mari and Tandiant.—By
_ W. Turopaxp, Depy. Supdt. Geological Survey. A list of BuTTERFLiEs
taken in Sikkim in October 1880, with notes on habits, §c.—By LioNEL DE
— Nice’vitte. List of Harthquakes recorded in Assam during the years
1879 and 1880.— By the GoveryMeENT oF Assam. (Title, Contents, and
_ Index to Vol. XLIX, 1880.) —
No. 2, (issued July 30th, 1881). On the relations of cloud and rain-
fall to temperature in India, and on the opposite variations of density in the
higher and lower atmospheric strata.—By H. F. Buanrorp, Meteorological
_ Reporter to the Government of India. Description of a rain-gauge with
_ evapometer for remote, and secluded stations. (With Pl. XV).—By H. F.
- Branrorp, Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India. On some
Lepidopterous Insects belonging to the Rhopalocgous Genera Euripus and
_ Penthema from India and Burmah. (With Pls. III and IV).—By
J. Woop-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Musewm, Calcutta. On
the Voles (Arvicole) of the Himalayans, Tibet, and Afghanistan. (With
Plates I and Il).—By W. T. Buanrorp. On Myospalax fuscicapillus,
| Blyth. (With part of Pl. I1).—By W. T. Buanrorp. |
ean ip No. 3, (issued October 22nd, 1881). New or little known Mollusca of
the Indo-Malayan Fauna. (With Plates V, VI, VII).—y Grorrrey
_ Nevints, A sketch of the history of the fossils of the Indian Gondwina
system.—By OTTOKAR FEISTMANTEL, Paleontologist, Geological Survey
‘4 of India. Additional note on the identification of the ancient diamond
ite mines visited by Tavernier.—By V. Baw. List of Diurnal Lepidoptera
inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. (With a Woodcut).—By J. Woop
- Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta, and Lionrt DE
_ Nice’yitte (With a Woodcut).
No 4, (issued December 21st, 1881). Mote on an apparently unde-
: sevibedeVoranus from Tenasserim and on other Reptilia and Amphibia.
(With Plate XVI).—By W.T. Buanrorp. Second List of Rhopalacerous
Lepidoptera from Port Blair, Andaman Islands, with Descriptions of, and
Notes on, new and little-known Species and Varieties. (With Plate XIV
and part of Plate 1V).—By J. Woop-Mason, Deputy Superintendent,
Indian Museum, Caleutta, and Lionen dE Nice’vinun. Description of a
new Species of Rostellaria, from the Bay of Bengal. By Gno¥rrrey
Nevitn. A numerical Estimate of the species of Animals chiefly Land
and Fresh-water hitherto recorded from British Isles and its Dependencies.
— By W.T. Buanrorp. Description of a new species of the Lepidopterous
Genus HKuripus from North-Eastern India, (With part of Plate IV).
—By J. Woop-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta.
PUBLICATIONS
FOR SALE AT THE
-ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL,
No. 57, Park Street, Calcutta.
Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, from Vols. XII to XXI (1843
to 1851); Vols. XXVI, XXVII (1857, 1858), and Vols.
XXX, XXXIII to XLVIII, (1861, 1864 to 1881).
Asiatic Researches, from Vols. VII to XI, XIII, XVII, XIX and
XX, each at Be gral CRG atcianwtw Rist bd Wei Gia lore a h'blaied ois Ree 10
DRC OCCIGHOS LIOR Gs Sid ase a Wis tae via 6 ctwale'< lew inva s cos at pide oo cn nee
Catalogue of Books and MSS. in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu,...... 1
The Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. I. Translatedinto English, with notes and
&> indexes, by. Ht. Blochmann, My 2A.) ve isc. ess sb eiea bes sie ore
The Tabaqat-i-Naciri, Translated by Major H. G. Raverty
UE TASC Ergo otra 0:5 lath mtu dyy are a atin >, uo sheehe ha ac ale aie ml Sea
Aborigines of India, by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., B. C.S.,.....,055. 3
CO fpf oOf9CO
THE BUTTERFLIES OF INDIA, BURMAH AND CEYLON,
BY .
Mason G. F. L. MARSHALL, R. E.,
. AND .
LIONEL pe NICE’VILLE.
A descriptive handbook of all the known species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera
inhabiting that region, with notices of allied species occurring in the neighbouring
countries along the border ; with numerous illustrations. .
Vol. I, Part i, is now available at the Publishers, containing Glossary of Tech-
nical Terms, Notes on Collecting and Preserving, Synopsis of the Families and Sub-
families, and detailed descriptions of all the Danaing, with one coloured plate, nine
autotype plates, and four wood engravings. Price, Ks. 6.
Part ii, which completes Vol. I, is now passing through the press, and will be ~
available in about three months; containing the detailed descriptions of all the
Saryvrine, Elymniine, Morphine and Acreine, with eight autotype plates, and nine
or ten wood engravings. Price, Rs. 8. .
The book will be completed in four or five volumes, the remaining volumes to be
issued as prepared. ‘The exact period of publication cannot be guaranteed, nor jthe
precise cost of the total work, but every effort will be made to complete the ruc
within three years at the outside, and to keep the cost within Rs. 60 for the entire
work.
PUBLISHED BY THE
CALCUTTA CENTRAL PRESS COMPANY, LIMITED,
6, Councitn Hovsz SrTReEeEt,
Pbee
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